Java中的并发编程：从基础到高级技巧

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-30 18:07:32 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-30 18:07:32 发布

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文章标签： java 开发语言

Java中的并发编程：从基础到高级技巧

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并发编程在Java中是一个非常重要且复杂的主题。随着多核处理器的普及，并发编程技术的掌握成为Java高级软件工程师必备的技能。本文将从基础知识入手，逐步深入探讨Java中的并发编程技巧，并通过代码示例进行详细讲解。

一、并发编程基础

1. 线程和Runnable接口

在Java中，线程是并发编程的基本单位。可以通过继承Thread类或实现Runnable接口来创建线程。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

public class BasicThreadExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(new RunnableTask());
        thread.start();
    }
}

class RunnableTask implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Hello from a thread!");
    }
}

2. 线程同步

在多线程环境中，多个线程可能会同时访问共享资源，导致数据不一致。使用同步机制可以避免这种情况。Java提供了synchronized关键字来实现线程同步。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

public class SynchronizedExample {
    private int count = 0;

    public synchronized void increment() {
        count++;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SynchronizedExample example = new SynchronizedExample();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
        try {
            thread1.join();
            thread2.join();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("Final count: " + example.count);
    }
}

二、并发编程高级技巧

1. 使用Lock接口

相比synchronized，Lock接口提供了更灵活的锁机制。ReentrantLock是Lock接口的常用实现。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockExample {
    private int count = 0;
    private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    public void increment() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            count++;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockExample example = new LockExample();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
        try {
            thread1.join();
            thread2.join();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("Final count: " + example.count);
    }
}

2. 使用线程池

线程池可以有效管理和复用线程资源，避免频繁创建和销毁线程的开销。Java提供了ExecutorService接口来管理线程池。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class ThreadPoolExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            executor.submit(new Task(i));
        }
        executor.shutdown();
    }
}

class Task implements Runnable {
    private final int taskId;

    public Task(int taskId) {
        this.taskId = taskId;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Task " + taskId + " is running");
    }
}

3. 并发容器

Java的java.util.concurrent包提供了多种线程安全的并发容器，如ConcurrentHashMap、CopyOnWriteArrayList等，简化了多线程环境下的开发。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class ConcurrentMapExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        executor.submit(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                map.put(i, "Value " + i);
                System.out.println("Put: " + i);
            }
        });

        executor.submit(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                System.out.println("Get: " + map.get(i));
            }
        });

        executor.shutdown();
    }
}

4. 原子变量

java.util.concurrent.atomic包提供了一些原子变量类，如AtomicInteger、AtomicLong等，保证了在多线程环境下的原子性操作。

package cn.juwatech.concurrency;

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

public class AtomicExample {
    private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);

    public void increment() {
        count.getAndIncrement();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        AtomicExample example = new AtomicExample();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                example.increment();
            }
        });
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
        try {
            thread1.join();
            thread2.join();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("Final count: " + example.count.get());
    }
}