note task3 数组操作

数组操作

更改形状

• numpy.ndarray.shape

import numpy as np
x = np.array(np.arange(8))
print('x is ', x,'\nx\'s shape is ', x.shape)
x.shape = [2,4]
print(x)

x is  [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7] 
x's shape is  (8,)
[[0 1 2 3]
 [4 5 6 7]]

• numpy.ndarray.flat

将数组转换为一维的迭代器，这意味着可以用for访问数组的每一个元素,改变生成的一维迭代器的值会改变原来ndarray的值

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x.flat
print(y)
for i in y:
    print(i,end=" ")
y[3] = 0
print("\n")
print(x)

<numpy.flatiter object at 0x0000021D3D566C40>
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 

[[11 12 13  0 15]
 [16 17 18 19 20]
 [21 22 23 24 25]
 [26 27 28 29 30]
 [31 32 33 34 35]]

• numpy.ndarray.flatten(order = "C")

flatten()函数返回的是拷贝

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x.flatten()
print(y)
y[3] = 0
print(x)

[11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
 35]
[[11 12 13 14 15]
 [16 17 18 19 20]
 [21 22 23 24 25]
 [26 27 28 29 30]
 [31 32 33 34 35]]

order：‘C’ – 按行，‘F’ – 按列

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = x.flatten(order = 'F')
print(y)

[11 16 21 26 31 12 17 22 27 32 13 18 23 28 33 14 19 24 29 34 15 20 25 30
 35]

• numpy.ravel(a, order = "C")

ravel()函数取默认值时返回的是flattened视图

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = np.ravel(x)
print(y)
y[3] = 0
print(x)

[11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
 35]
[[11 12 13  0 15]
 [16 17 18 19 20]
 [21 22 23 24 25]
 [26 27 28 29 30]
 [31 32 33 34 35]]

ravel(a, order = "F")返回拷贝

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])

y = np.ravel(x, order='F')
print(y)
y[3] = 0
print(x)

[11 16 21 26 31 12 17 22 27 32 13 18 23 28 33 14 19 24 29 34 15 20 25 30
 35]
[[11 12 13 14 15]
 [16 17 18 19 20]
 [21 22 23 24 25]
 [26 27 28 29 30]
 [31 32 33 34 35]]

• numpy.reshape(a, newshape[, order = "C"])

newshape = [rows, -1]-1的维度会根据其他维度自动确定

x = np.arange(12)
y = np.reshape(x, [3, 4])
print(y.dtype)  # int32
print(y)
y = np.reshape(x, [3, -1])
print(y)
y = np.reshape(x,[-1,3])
print(y)

int32
[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]
[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]
[[ 0  1  2]
 [ 3  4  5]
 [ 6  7  8]
 [ 9 10 11]]

返回的是视图

y = np.reshape(x,[-1,3])
y[0, 1] = 100
print(x)

[  0 100   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11]

数组转置

• numpy.transpose(a, axes = None)
• numpy.ndarray.T

x = np.random.rand(5,5)*10
x = np.around(x,2)
print(x)
y = x.T
print(y)
y = np.transpose(x)
print(y)

[[8.81 1.75 6.08 0.74 8.4 ]
 [5.18 1.08 5.78 5.85 3.84]
 [6.15 1.55 8.24 3.54 9.73]
 [5.85 7.15 1.81 9.65 7.13]
 [0.73 6.79 5.58 5.97 3.16]]
[[8.81 5.18 6.15 5.85 0.73]
 [1.75 1.08 1.55 7.15 6.79]
 [6.08 5.78 8.24 1.81 5.58]
 [0.74 5.85 3.54 9.65 5.97]
 [8.4  3.84 9.73 7.13 3.16]]
[[8.81 5.18 6.15 5.85 0.73]
 [1.75 1.08 1.55 7.15 6.79]
 [6.08 5.78 8.24 1.81 5.58]
 [0.74 5.85 3.54 9.65 5.97]
 [8.4  3.84 9.73 7.13 3.16]]

更改维度

• numpy.newaxis = None

很多工具包在进行计算时都会先判断输入数据的维度是否满足要求，如果输入数据达不到指定的维度时，可以使用newaxis参数来增加一个维度

x = np.array([1,2,9,4,5,6,7,8])
print(x.shape)
print(x)

y = x[np.newaxis,:]
print(y.shape)
print(y)

y = x[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis]
print(y.shape)
print(y)

(8,)
[1 2 9 4 5 6 7 8]
(1, 8)
[[1 2 9 4 5 6 7 8]]
(8, 1, 1)
[[[1]]

 [[2]]

 [[9]]

 [[4]]

 [[5]]

 [[6]]

 [[7]]

 [[8]]]

• numpy.squeeze(a, axis = None)从数组的形状中删除多余的维度，即把shape中为1的维度去掉
  • axis用于指定需要删除的维度，在该维度上数组的size为1

用途：在机器学习和深度学习中，通常算法的结果是可以表示向量的数组（即包含两对或以上的方括号形式[[]]），如果直接利用这个数组进行画图可能显示界面为空（见后面的示例）。我们可以利用squeeze()函数将表示向量的数组转换为秩为1的数组，这样利用 matplotlib 库函数画图时，就可以正常的显示结果了

x = np.array([[[0], [1], [2]]])
print(x.shape)  # (1, 3, 1)
print(x)
# [[[0]
#   [1]
#   [2]]]

y = np.squeeze(x)
print(y.shape)  # (3,)
print(y)  # [0 1 2]

y = np.squeeze(x, axis=0)
print(y.shape)  # (3, 1)
print(y)
# [[0]
#  [1]
#  [2]]

y = np.squeeze(x, axis=2)
print(y.shape)  # (1, 3)
print(y)  # [[0 1 2]]

y = np.squeeze(x, axis=1)
# ValueError: cannot select an axis to squeeze out which has size not equal to one

(10,)
(1, 10)
[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
(10,)
(1, 3, 1)
[[[0]
  [1]
  [2]]]
(3,)
[0 1 2]
(3, 1)
[[0]
 [1]
 [2]]
(1, 3)
[[0 1 2]]

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]])
print(x.shape)  # (1, 5)
plt.plot(x)
plt.show()
x = np.squeeze(x)
print(x.shape)  # (5, )
plt.plot(x)
plt.show()

(1, 5)

(5,)

数组组合

• numpy.concatenate((a1,a2,...), axis = 0, out = None)

沿着某个轴axis拼接数组Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.拼接得到的数组的维度与原数组一样

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([7, 8, 9])
z = np.concatenate([x, y])
print(z)
z = np.concatenate([x, y], axis=0)
print(z)

[1 2 3 7 8 9]
[1 2 3 7 8 9]

• numpy.stack(arrays, axis = 0, out = None)

Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis， 沿着新的轴加入数组，会增加数组的维度

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([7, 8, 9])
z = np.stack([x, y])
print(z.shape)  # (2, 3)
print(z)
z = np.stack([x, y], axis=1)
print(z.shape)  # (3, 2)
print(z)
x = np.array([1, 2, 3]).reshape(1, 3)
y = np.array([7, 8, 9]).reshape(1, 3)
z = np.stack([x, y])
print(z.shape)  # (2, 1, 3)
print(z)

(2, 3)
[[1 2 3]
 [7 8 9]]
(3, 2)
[[1 7]
 [2 8]
 [3 9]]
(2, 1, 3)
[[[1 2 3]]

 [[7 8 9]]]

• numpy.vstack(tup) Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
• numpy.hstack(tup) Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).

hstack(),vstack()分别表示水平和竖直的拼接方式。在数据维度等于1时，比较特殊。而当维度大于或等于2时，它们的作用相当于concatenate，用于在已有轴上进行操作。

数组拆分

• numpy.split(array, indices_or sections, axis=0)

Split an array into multiple sub-arrays as views into ary.

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14],
              [16, 17, 18, 19],
              [21, 22, 23, 24]])
y = np.split(x, [1, 3])
print(y)
y = np.split(x, [1, 3], axis=1)
print(y)

[array([[11, 12, 13, 14]]), array([[16, 17, 18, 19],
       [21, 22, 23, 24]]), array([], shape=(0, 4), dtype=int32)]
[array([[11],
       [16],
       [21]]), array([[12, 13],
       [17, 18],
       [22, 23]]), array([[14],
       [19],
       [24]])]

• numpy.vsplit(ary, indices_or sections)

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14],
              [16, 17, 18, 19],
              [21, 22, 23, 24]])
y = np.vsplit(x, 3)
print(y)

[array([[11, 12, 13, 14]]), array([[16, 17, 18, 19]]), array([[21, 22, 23, 24]])]

• numpy.hsplit(ary, indices_or sections)

x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14],
              [16, 17, 18, 19],
              [21, 22, 23, 24]])
y = np.hsplit(x, 2)
print(y)

[array([[11, 12],
       [16, 17],
       [21, 22]]), array([[13, 14],
       [18, 19],
       [23, 24]])]

数组平铺

• numpy.tile(A, reps)

Construct an array by repeating A the number of times given by reps.

x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
y = np.tile(x, (1, 3))
print(y)

y = np.tile(x, (3, 1))
print(y)

y = np.tile(x, (3, 3))
print(y)

[[1 2 1 2 1 2]
 [3 4 3 4 3 4]]
[[1 2]
 [3 4]
 [1 2]
 [3 4]
 [1 2]
 [3 4]]
[[1 2 1 2 1 2]
 [3 4 3 4 3 4]
 [1 2 1 2 1 2]
 [3 4 3 4 3 4]
 [1 2 1 2 1 2]
 [3 4 3 4 3 4]]

• numpy.repeat(a, repeats, axis = None)
  • axis = 0，沿着y轴复制，实际增加了行数
  • axis = 1，沿着x轴复制，实际上增加了列数
  • repeats，可以为一个数，也可以为一个矩阵
  • ⭐axis = None时就会flatten当前矩阵，实际上就是变成了一个行向量

x = np.repeat(3, 4)
print(x)
x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
y = np.repeat(x, 2)
y = np.repeat(x, 2, axis=0)
print(y)
y = np.repeat(x, 2, axis=1)
print(y)
y = np.repeat(x, [2, 3], axis=0)
print(y)

[3 3 3 3]
[[1 2]
 [1 2]
 [3 4]
 [3 4]]
[[1 1 2 2]
 [3 3 4 4]]
[[1 2]
 [1 2]
 [3 4]
 [3 4]
 [3 4]]

添加和删除元素

• numpy.unique(ar, return_index = False, return_inverse = False, return_counts = False, axis = None)查找数组中的唯一元素
  • return_index：the indices of the input array that give the unique values
  • return_inverse：the indices of the unique array that reconstruct the input array
  • return_counts：the number of times each unique value comes up in the input array

a=np.array([1,1,2,3,3,4,4])
b=np.unique(a,return_counts=True)
print(b)

(array([1, 2, 3, 4]), array([2, 1, 2, 2], dtype=int64))