MySQL 基础学习_Day03
1. 前言
2. DQL语言的学习(三)
学习框架:
2.1 连接查询(二)
sql99语法的连接查询:
2.1.1 内连接
inner join
:在表中存在至少一个匹配时,INNER JOIN
关键字返回行。
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
inner join 表2 别名
on 连接条件;
特定:
① 添加排序、分组、筛选
② inner
可以省略
③ 筛选条件放在where
后面,连接条件放在on
后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
④ inner join
连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果是一样的,都是查询多表的交集
#1、等值连接
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';
#案例3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数,(添加分组+筛选)
#①查询每个城市的部门个数
#②在①结果上筛选满足条件的
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录,并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序(添加三表连接)
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
#二)非等值连接
#查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#查询工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
#三)自连接
#查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
#查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
2.1.2 外连接&交叉连接
应用场景: 用于查询一个表中有,另一个表没有的记录
特点:
① 外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
② 如果从表中有和它匹配的,则显示匹配的值
③ 如果从表中没有和它匹配的,则显示null
④ 外连接查询结果=内连接结果+主表中有而从表没有的记录
⑤ 左外连接,left join
左边的是主表
⑥ 右外连接,right join
右边的是主表
⑦ 左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
⑧ 全外连接=内连接的结果+表1中有但表2没有的+表2中有但表1没有的
sql92 和 sql99 比较
功能:sql99支持的较多
可读性:sql99实现连接条件和筛选条件的分离,可读性较高
交叉连接: 产生了一个结果集,该结果集是两个关联表的行的乘积。通常,如果每个表分别具有n和m行,则结果集将具有n*m行
#引入:查询男朋友 不在男神表的的女神名
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
#左外连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` IS NULL;
#案例1:查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#右外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#全外
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.id;
#交叉连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo;
2.2 子查询
含义:
出现在其他语句中的
select
语句,称为子查询或内查询;
而出现在外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
2.2.1 where
或having
后面
/*
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1.标量子查询★
#案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询/错误类型(即子查询不是一行一列)
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)★
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <>ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)--了解即可用得比较少
#两个条件都是相同的
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
2.2.2 select
后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名 --**错误展示**
SELECT (
SELECT department_name,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
2.2.3 from
后面
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
2.2.4 exists
后面(相关子查询)
语法:exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:1或0
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000) as test;
上语句运行结果:
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)
#exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
2.3 分页查询
应用场景: 当要显示的数据,一页显示不全,需要分页提交sql请求
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset,】size;
#offset要显示条目的起始索引(起始索引从0开始)
#size 要显示的条目个数
特点: limit语句放在查询语句的最后;
分页公式: 要显示的页数 page,每页的条目数size; (page-1)*size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size,size;
#案例1:查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;
#案例2:查询第11条——第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3:有奖金的员工信息,并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10 ;