使用getopt函数解析命令行参数

使用getopt函数解析命令行参数

基本说明：

百度百科：
函数说明 getopt()用来分析命令行参数。参数argc和argv分别代表参数个数和内容，跟main（）函数的命令行参数是一样的。参数 optstring为选项字符串， 告知 getopt()可以处理哪个选项以及哪个选项需要参数，如果选项字符串里的字母后接着冒号“:”，则表示还有相关的参数，全域变量optarg 即会指向此额外参数。如果在处理期间遇到了不符合optstring指定的其他选项getopt()将显示一个错误消息，并将全域变量optopt设为“?”字符，如果不希望getopt()打印出错信息，则只要将全域变量opterr设为0即可。
getopt-百度百科

根据百科解释可看出getopt是一个方便的用来解析命令行参数的函数，使用optstring作为所有需解析选项的集合，并使用全局变量optarg指向选项的附加参数。
函数原型如下：

	#include <unistd.h>
	int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring);
	extern char *optarg;
	extern int optind, opterr, optopt;

看看man手册中getopt的相关描述

DESCRIPTION
       The  getopt()  function  parses  the  command-line  arguments.  Its arguments argc and argv are the argument count and array as passed to the
       main() function on program invocation.  An element of argv that starts with '-' (and is not exactly "-" or "--") is an option  element.   The
       characters  of  this  element  (aside from the initial '-') are option characters.  If getopt() is called repeatedly, it returns successively
       each of the option characters from each of the option elements.

       The variable optind is the index of the next element to be processed in argv.  The system initializes this value to 1.  The caller can  reset
       it to 1 to restart scanning of the same argv, or when scanning a new argument vector.

       If  getopt()  finds another option character, it returns that character, updating the external variable optind and a static variable nextchar
       so that the next call to getopt() can resume the scan with the following option character or argv-element.

       If there are no more option characters, getopt() returns -1.  Then optind is the index in argv of the  first  argv-element  that  is  not  an
       option.

       optstring  is a string containing the legitimate option characters.  If such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argu‐
       ment, so getopt() places a pointer to the following text in the same argv-element, or the text of the following argv-element, in optarg.  Two
       colons  mean an option takes an optional arg; if there is text in the current argv-element (i.e., in the same word as the option name itself,
       for example, "-oarg"), then it is returned in optarg, otherwise optarg is set to zero.  This is a GNU extension.   If  optstring  contains  W
       followed  by  a  semicolon, then -W foo is treated as the long option --foo.  (The -W option is reserved by POSIX.2 for implementation exten‐
       sions.)  This behavior is a GNU extension, not available with libraries before glibc 2.

       By default, getopt() permutes the contents of argv as it scans, so that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end.  Two  other  modes  are
       also  implemented.   If  the  first  character of optstring is '+' or the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, then option processing
       stops as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered.  If the first character of optstring is '-', then each nonoption argv-element  is  han‐
       dled  as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1.  (This is used by programs that were written to expect options and other
       argv-elements in any order and that care about the ordering of the two.)  The special argument "--" forces an end of option-scanning  regard‐
       less of the scanning mode.

       If  getopt()  does  not recognize an option character, it prints an error message to stderr, stores the character in optopt, and returns '?'.
       The calling program may prevent the error message by setting opterr to 0.

       If getopt() finds an option character in argv that was not included in optstring, or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns  '?'
       and  sets  the  external variable optopt to the actual option character.  If the first character (following any optional '+' or '-' described
       above) of optstring is a colon (':'), then getopt() returns ':' instead of '?' to indicate a  missing  option  argument.   If  an  error  was
       detected,  and  the first character of optstring is not a colon, and the external variable opterr is nonzero (which is the default), getopt()
       prints an error message.
RETURN VALUE
       If an option was successfully found, then getopt() returns the option character.  If all command-line options have been parsed, then getopt()
       returns  -1.   If  getopt() encounters an option character that was not in optstring, then '?' is returned.  If getopt() encounters an option
       with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first character in optstring: if it is ':', then ':' is returned; otherwise '?'
       is returned.

简单来说，getopt用来解析命令行中以’-'开始的选项参数以及其对应的额外参数（如果有），重复调用可以用来遍历命令行中所有的选项参数。optarg用来指向当前解析出来的选项的额外参数，如果没有则指向NULL。

getopt中除了optarg变量用于指向选项的附加参数外，还有optind, opterr, optopt三个变量。

optind是argv中下一个元素的索引，系统初始值为1。如果getopt无法识别一个选项参数，则打印错误信息到stderr标准错误输出上，保存选项的字符到optopt变量上，并返回"?"。可以将opterr设为0来禁止错误信息输出到stderr。

opterr和optopt这两个参数较少用到。

例子：

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>

/* ./test [-l] [-s size] [-f file] */
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int iRet;

	if(argc < 2)
	{
		printf("usage:%s [-l] [-s size] [-f file]\n",argv[0]);
		return -1;
	}
	
	while( (iRet = getopt(argc, argv, "ls:f:")) != -1 )
	{
		/* 循环遍历argv参数得到所有的选项参数 */
		switch(iRet){
			case 'l':
			printf("option:%c\n",iRet);
			break;
			case 's':
			printf("option:%c %s\n",iRet, optarg);
			break;
			case 'f':
			printf("option:%c %s\n",iRet, optarg);
			break;
			default:
			printf("usage:%s [-l] [-s size] [-f file]\n",argv[0]);
			return -1;
			break;
		}
	}	

	return 0;
}

参考：
getopt 命令行
Linux下getopt()函数的简单使用

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