Pandas 变形

Pandas 变形

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data/table.csv')
df.head()

	School	Class	ID	Gender	Address	Height	Weight	Math	Physics
0	S_1	C_1	1101	M	street_1	173	63	34.0	A+
1	S_1	C_1	1102	F	street_2	192	73	32.5	B+
2	S_1	C_1	1103	M	street_2	186	82	87.2	B+
3	S_1	C_1	1104	F	street_2	167	81	80.4	B-
4	S_1	C_1	1105	F	street_4	159	64	84.8	B+

一、透视表

1. pivot

一般状态下，数据在DataFrame会以压缩（stacked）状态存放，例如上面的Gender，两个类别被叠在一列中，pivot函数可将某一列作为新的cols：

df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	173.0
1102	192.0	NaN
1103	NaN	186.0
1104	167.0	NaN
1105	159.0	NaN

然而pivot函数具有很强的局限性，除了功能上较少之外，还不允许values中出现重复的行列索引对（pair），例如下面的语句就会报错：

#df.pivot(index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

因此，更多的时候会选择使用强大的pivot_table函数

2. pivot_table

首先，再现上面的操作：

pd.pivot_table(df,index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	173.0
1102	192.0	NaN
1103	NaN	186.0
1104	167.0	NaN
1105	159.0	NaN

由于功能更多，速度上自然是比不上原来的pivot函数：

%timeit df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height')
%timeit pd.pivot_table(df,index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height')

2.28 ms ± 74.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.77 ms ± 498 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Pandas中提供了各种选项，下面介绍常用参数：

① aggfunc：对组内进行聚合统计，可传入各类函数，默认为’mean’

pd.pivot_table(df,index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height',aggfunc=['mean','sum']).head()

	mean		sum
Gender	F	M	F	M
School
S_1	173.125000	178.714286	1385	1251
S_2	173.727273	172.000000	1911	1548

② margins：汇总边际状态

pd.pivot_table(df,index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height',aggfunc=['mean','sum'],margins=True).head()
#margins_name可以设置名字，默认为'All'

	mean			sum
Gender	F	M	All	F	M	All
School
S_1	173.125000	178.714286	175.733333	1385	1251	2636
S_2	173.727273	172.000000	172.950000	1911	1548	3459
All	173.473684	174.937500	174.142857	3296	2799	6095

③ 行、列、值都可以为多级

pd.pivot_table(df,index=['School','Class'],
               columns=['Gender','Address'],
               values=['Height','Weight'])

		Height										...	Weight
	Gender	F						M				...	F				M
	Address	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	...	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7
School	Class
S_1	C_1	NaN	179.5	159.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	173.0	186.0	NaN	NaN	...	64.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	63.0	82.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	C_2	NaN	NaN	176.0	162.0	167.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	188.0	...	94.0	63.0	63.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	68.0	53.0	NaN
	C_3	175.0	NaN	NaN	187.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	195.0	161.0	NaN	...	NaN	69.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	70.0	68.0	NaN	NaN	82.0
S_2	C_1	NaN	NaN	NaN	159.0	161.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	163.5	NaN	...	NaN	97.0	61.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	71.0	NaN	NaN	84.0
	C_2	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	188.5	175.0	NaN	155.0	193.0	...	NaN	NaN	NaN	76.5	74.0	NaN	91.0	100.0	NaN	NaN
	C_3	NaN	NaN	157.0	NaN	164.0	190.0	NaN	NaN	187.0	171.0	...	78.0	NaN	81.0	99.0	NaN	NaN	73.0	88.0	NaN	NaN
	C_4	NaN	176.0	NaN	NaN	175.5	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	...	NaN	NaN	57.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	82.0

7 rows × 24 columns

3. crosstab（交叉表）

交叉表是一种特殊的透视表，典型的用途如分组统计，如现在想要统计关于街道和性别分组的频数：

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'])

Gender	F	M
Address
street_1	1	2
street_2	4	2
street_4	3	5
street_5	3	3
street_6	5	1
street_7	3	3

交叉表的功能也很强大（但目前还不支持多级分组），下面说明一些重要参数：

① values和aggfunc：分组对某些数据进行聚合操作，这两个参数必须成对出现

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],
            values=np.random.randint(1,20,df.shape[0]),aggfunc='min')
#默认参数等于如下方法：
#pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],values=1,aggfunc='count')

Gender	F	M
Address
street_1	6	4
street_2	10	5
street_4	6	2
street_5	10	8
street_6	9	4
street_7	8	4

② 除了边际参数margins外，还引入了normalize参数，可选’all’,‘index’,'columns’参数值

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],normalize='all',margins=True)

Gender	F	M	All
Address
street_1	0.028571	0.057143	0.085714
street_2	0.114286	0.057143	0.171429
street_4	0.085714	0.142857	0.228571
street_5	0.085714	0.085714	0.171429
street_6	0.142857	0.028571	0.171429
street_7	0.085714	0.085714	0.171429
All	0.542857	0.457143	1.000000

二、其他变形方法

1. melt

melt函数可以认为是pivot函数的逆操作，将unstacked状态的数据，压缩成stacked，使“宽”的DataFrame变“窄”

df_m = df[['ID','Gender','Math']]
df_m.head()

	ID	Gender	Math
0	1101	M	34.0
1	1102	F	32.5
2	1103	M	87.2
3	1104	F	80.4
4	1105	F	84.8

df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Math').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	34.0
1102	32.5	NaN
1103	NaN	87.2
1104	80.4	NaN
1105	84.8	NaN

melt函数中的id_vars表示需要保留的列，value_vars表示需要stack的一组列

pivoted = df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Math')
result = pivoted.reset_index().melt(id_vars=['ID'],value_vars=['F','M'],value_name='Math')\
                     .dropna().set_index('ID').sort_index()
#检验是否与展开前的df相同，可以分别将这些链式方法的中间步骤展开，看看是什么结果
result.equals(df_m.set_index('ID'))

True

2. 压缩与展开

（1）stack：这是最基础的变形函数，总共只有两个参数：level和dropna

df_s = pd.pivot_table(df,index=['Class','ID'],columns='Gender',values=['Height','Weight'])
df_s.groupby('Class').head(2)

		Height		Weight
	Gender	F	M	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	NaN	173.0	NaN	63.0
	1102	192.0	NaN	73.0	NaN
C_2	1201	NaN	188.0	NaN	68.0
	1202	176.0	NaN	94.0	NaN
C_3	1301	NaN	161.0	NaN	68.0
	1302	175.0	NaN	57.0	NaN
C_4	2401	192.0	NaN	62.0	NaN
	2402	NaN	166.0	NaN	82.0

df_stacked = df_s.stack()
df_stacked.groupby('Class').head(2)

			Height	Weight
Class	ID	Gender
C_1	1101	M	173.0	63.0
	1102	F	192.0	73.0
C_2	1201	M	188.0	68.0
	1202	F	176.0	94.0
C_3	1301	M	161.0	68.0
	1302	F	175.0	57.0
C_4	2401	F	192.0	62.0
	2402	M	166.0	82.0

stack函数可以看做将横向的索引放到纵向，因此功能类似与melt，参数level可指定变化的列索引是哪一层（或哪几层，需要列表）

df_stacked = df_s.stack(0)
df_stacked.groupby('Class').head(2)

		Gender	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	Height	NaN	173.0
		Weight	NaN	63.0
C_2	1201	Height	NaN	188.0
		Weight	NaN	68.0
C_3	1301	Height	NaN	161.0
		Weight	NaN	68.0
C_4	2401	Height	192.0	NaN
		Weight	62.0	NaN

(2) unstack：stack的逆函数，功能上类似于pivot_table

df_stacked.head()

		Gender	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	Height	NaN	173.0
		Weight	NaN	63.0
	1102	Height	192.0	NaN
		Weight	73.0	NaN
	1103	Height	NaN	186.0

result = df_stacked.unstack().swaplevel(1,0,axis=1).sort_index(axis=1)
result.equals(df_s)
#同样在unstack中可以指定level参数

True

三、哑变量与因子化

1. Dummy Variable（哑变量）

这里主要介绍get_dummies函数，其功能主要是进行one-hot编码：

df_d = df[['Class','Gender','Weight']]
df_d.head()

	Class	Gender	Weight
0	C_1	M	63
1	C_1	F	73
2	C_1	M	82
3	C_1	F	81
4	C_1	F	64

现在希望将上面的表格前两列转化为哑变量，并加入第三列Weight数值：

pd.get_dummies(df_d[['Class','Gender']]).join(df_d['Weight']).head()
#可选prefix参数添加前缀，prefix_sep添加分隔符

	Class_C_1	Class_C_2	Class_C_3	Class_C_4	Gender_F	Gender_M	Weight
0	1	0	0	0	0	1	63
1	1	0	0	0	1	0	73
2	1	0	0	0	0	1	82
3	1	0	0	0	1	0	81
4	1	0	0	0	1	0	64

2. factorize方法

该方法主要用于自然数编码，并且缺失值会被记做-1，其中sort参数表示是否排序后赋值

codes, uniques = pd.factorize(['b', None, 'a', 'c', 'b'], sort=True)
display(codes)
display(uniques)

array([ 1, -1,  0,  2,  1])



array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=object)