第五周 继承
1.继承和派生的基本概念
2.继承关系和复合关系
3.覆盖和保护成员
4.派生类的构造函数
5.公有(public)继承的赋值兼容原则
5.公有(public)继承的赋值兼容原则
最常见的公有(public)继承
class base { };
class derived : public base { };
base b;
derived d;
公有(public)继承的赋值兼容原则
1) 派生类的对象可以赋值给基类对象,因为派生类的对象就是一个基类对象。
b = d;//反过来不行
2) 派生类对象可以初始化基类引用
base & br = d;
3) 派生类对象的地址可以赋值给基类指针
base * pb = & d;
如果派生方式是 private或protected,则上述三条不可行。
protected继承和private继承(不是经常用到)的继承规则
class base {
};
class derived : protected base {
};
base b;
derived d;
protected继承时,基类的public成员和protected成员成为派生类的protected成员。
private继承时,基类的public成员成为派生类的private成员,基类的protected成员成为派生类的不可访问成员。
protected和private继承不是“是”的关系。
基类与派生类的指针强制转换
1)公有派生的情况下,派生类对象的指针可以直接赋值给基类指针
Base * ptrBase = &objDerived;
ptrBase指向的是一个Derived类的对象;
*ptrBase可以看作一个Base类的对象,访问它的public成员直接通过ptrBase即可,但不能通过ptrBase访问objDerived对象中属于Derived类而不属于Base类的成员
2)即便基类指针指向的是一个派生类的对象,也不能通过基类指针访问基类没有,而派生类中有的成员。
3)通过强制指针类型转换,可以把ptrBase转换成Derived类的指针,但要保证ptrBase指向的是一个Derived类的对象,否则很容易会出错。
Base * ptrBase = &objDerived;
Derived *ptrDerived = (Derived * ) ptrBase;
例子:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
protected:
int n;
public:
Base(int i):n(i){
cout << "Base " << n <<" constructed" << endl;
}
~Base() {
cout << "Base " << n <<" destructed" << endl;
}
void Print() { cout << "Base:n=" << n << endl;}
};
class Derived:public Base {
public:
int v;
Derived(int i):Base(i),v(2 * i) {
cout << "Derived constructed" << endl;
}
~Derived() {
cout << "Derived destructed" << endl;
}
void Func() { } ;
void Print() {
cout << "Derived:v=" << v << endl;
cout << "Derived:n=" << n << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Base objBase(5);
Derived objDerived(3);
Base * pBase = & objDerived ;//派生类对象的指针可以直接赋值给基类指针
//pBase->Func(); //error,编译不通过,Base 类没有Func() 成员函数
//pBase->v = 5; //error,编译不通过; Base 类没有v 成员变量
pBase->Print();
//Derived * pDerived = & objBase; //error,不能将基类对象指针赋值给派生类
Derived * pDerived = (Derived *)(& objBase);//基类强制转换成派生类,前提是基类指向一个派生类
pDerived->Print(); // 慎用,可能出现不可预期的错误
pDerived->v = 128; // 往别人的空间里写入数据,会有问题
objDerived.Print();
return 0;
}
输出结果:
Base 5 constructed //Base objBase(5);
Base 3 constructed // Derived objDerived(3);
Derived constructed // Derived objDerived(3);
Base:n=3 // pBase->Print();
Derived:v=1245104 //pDerived->Print(); 内存访问出错,pDerived指向一个基类对象,没有v成员,pDerived->v 位于别人的空间里
Derived:n=5 //pDerived->Print();
Derived:v=6 //objDerived.Print();
Derived:n=3 //objDerived.Print();
Derived destructed //程序结束,先析构派生类对象objDerived
Base 3 destructed //析构pBase
Base 5 destructed //析构objBase
Derived * pDerived = (Derived *)(& objBase);的效果
直接基类与间接基类
类A派生类B,类B派生类C,类C派生类D,……
– 类A是类B的直接基类
– 类B是类C的直接基类,类A是类C的间接基类
– 类C是类D的直接基类,类A、B是类D的间接基类
构造函数的顺序是从最基最底层的类开始构造,析构的顺序是反过来的。
在声明派生类时,只需要列出它的直接基类
– 派生类沿着类的层次自动向上继承它的间接基类
– 派生类的成员包括:派生类自己定义的成员,直接基类中的所有成员,所有间接基类的全部成员
例子:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
public:
int n;
Base(int i):n(i) {
cout << "Base " << n << " constructed"<< endl;
}
~Base() {
cout << "Base " << n << " destructed"<< endl;
}
};
class Derived:public Base
{
public:
Derived(int i):Base(i) {
cout << "Derived constructed" << endl;
}
~Derived() {
cout << "Derived destructed" << endl;
}
};
class MoreDerived:public Derived {
public:
MoreDerived():Derived(4) {
cout << "More Derived constructed" << endl;
}
~MoreDerived() {
cout << "More Derived destructed" << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
MoreDerived Obj;
return 0;
}
输出结果:
Base 4 constructed
Derived constructed
More Derived constructed
More Derived destructed
Derived destructed
Base 4 destructed