面试经典--如何在10亿数字中查找前1000个大的数字

经典面试题：如何在10亿中查找前1000个数

1. 最先能想到的是先排序，然后取前1000个数，但是时间复杂度较高。
2. 采用分治的思想，有点类似快排中的partition操作，随机选取一个数t，然后对整个数组进行partion。如果说前一部分总数大于1000个，那就继续在前一部分进行Partition寻找。如果前一部分的数小于1000个，那就在后一部分再进行Partition，寻找剩下的数。
   

时间复杂度是O(n)，首先，Partition的过程，时间是o(n)。我们在进行第一次Partition的时候需要花费n，第二次Partition的时候，数据量减半了，所以只要花费n/2，同理第三次的时候只要花费n/4，以此类推。而n+n/2+n/4+…显然是小于2n的，所以这个方法的渐进时间只有o(n)。
补充：1G=1024M，1M=1024KB，1KB=1024B（字节） 1G = 102410241024 =1073741824 字节（约等于10亿个字节。）所以10亿个数字，如果是int32位的话，大概就是4G的内存。
所以最好的处理方法是采用堆排序：
先取前n个数，构成小顶堆，然后从文件中读取数据，并且和堆顶大小比较，如果比堆顶还小，就直接丢弃，如果比堆顶大，就替换堆顶，并调整最小堆。这样的话，数据只需要读取一次，不会存在数据多次读写的问题。
方法和堆排类似：只是这里选取的是小跟堆，在向下调整的时候也是选取的最小值。
补充：如果找的是前1000个小的元素，那么方法就与上面的相反了。
1.先维持的是大顶堆，
2.然后后面的元素比堆顶的元素小就替换
3.然后重新调整大顶堆。

* @Author Mr.Wu
 * @Date 2019/12/27 21:35
 * @Version 1.0
 **/
public class TopN {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {56, 30 ,71 ,18, 29 ,93, 44 ,75 ,20, 65 ,68 ,34 };

        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
        findN(arr,5);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));

        System.out.println("第二组测试");

        // 第二组测试
        int[] arr2 = new int[1000];
        for(int i=0; i<arr2.length; i++) {
            arr2[i] = i + 1;
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));
        findN(arr2,50);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));

    }

    public static void findN(int[] arr,int n){
        if(arr == null || arr.length ==0){
            return;
        }

        for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
            heapInsert(arr,i);
        }
        for(int j =n;j<arr.length;j++){
            if(arr[0]<arr[j]){  //每次和后面的进行比较，之后大于的时候才将堆顶和元素进行交换
                swap(arr,0,j);
                heapify(arr,0,n);
            }

        }

    }
    //调整堆：
    public static void heapify(int[] arr,int index,int n){
        int left = index*2+1;
        while(left<n){
            int minst = left+1<n&&arr[left+1]<arr[left]?left+1:left;
            minst = arr[index]<arr[minst]?index:minst;
            if(minst==index){
                break;
            }
            swap(arr,minst,index);
            index = minst;
            left =index*2+1;
        }

    }
    //维持的始终是一个小顶堆
    public static void heapInsert(int[] arr,int index){
        while(arr[index] < arr[(index-1)/2]){
            swap(arr,index,(index -1)/2);
            index = (index -1 )/2;
        }
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr,int left,int right){
        int temp = arr[left];
        arr[left] = arr[right];
        arr[right] =temp;
    }
}

运行结果如下：

[56, 30, 71, 18, 29, 93, 44, 75, 20, 65, 68, 34]
[65, 68, 71, 75, 93, 18, 29, 30, 20, 44, 56, 34]
第二组测试
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Process finished with exit code 0