JavaWeb | Servlet基础
1.Servlet简介
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
- Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中。
按照约定俗成的称呼习惯,把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做Servlet
2 Servlet实现类
Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet
-
HttpServlet指能够处理HTTP请求的servlet,它在原有Servlet接口上添加了一些与HTTP协议处理方法,它比Servlet接口的功能更为强大,因此开发人员在编写Servlet时,通常应继承这个类,而避免直接去实现Servlet接口
-
HttpServlet在实现Servlet接口时,覆写了service方法,该方法体内的代码会自动判断用户的请求方式,如为GET请求,则调用HttpServlet的doGet方法,如为Post请求,则调用doPost方法,因此,开发人员在编写Servlet时,通常只需要覆写doGet或doPost方法,而不要去覆写service方法
3 Servlet的创建(HelloServlet)
- 构建一个普通的Maven项目(不勾选webapp),删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Moudel;这个空的工程就是Maven主工程;
- 在主项目的pox文件中,添加所有子项目所需要的依赖,这样所有子项目可以直接使用这些jar包而不必反复导入。
Servlet需要使用以下两个依赖:
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax.servlet/javax.servlet-api -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax.servlet.jsp/javax.servlet.jsp-api -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.3.3</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
- 在父项目中,新建一个子模块(new->Moudel),创建Maven的webapp项目,然后对Maven环境进行优化:1.修改web.xml为最新的;2.将maven的结构搭建完整
web.xml的模板:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0"
metadata-complete="true">
</web-app>
完整的maven结构:
- 关于Maven父子工程的理解
父项目中会有:
<modules>
<module>demo1</module>
</modules>
子项目会有:
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.young</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
- 编写一个普通类,实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet.
说明:重新方法时,由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,因为其业务逻辑都一样;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
writer.print("Hello,Servlet!");//响应流
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
-
HttpServlet接口的分析
HttpServlet接口的继承关系如下图所示,我们只需要继承HttpServlet,重写需要的方法即可 。 -
编写Servlet的映射
写映射的原因:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以需要在web服务中注册(在web.xml文件中)我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径。
<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.young.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>//浏览器能够访问的路径
-
配置Tomcat
-
启动测试
4 Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会进行如下的操作:
5 Mapping问题
-
一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello2
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello3
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello4
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello5<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/hello/*<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
默认请求路径
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/*<!--默认请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
指定一些后缀或者前缀
注意:* 前面不能加项目映射的路径,即不能写/.young,要写.young
访问网址:http://localhost:8080/young/sfkaffsdfdsf.young<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射 注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径,即不能写/*.young --> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.young</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;<!--404--> <servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.young.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
6 ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用。一个Web应用中的所有的Servlet共用一份ServletContext对象。
6.1 共享数据
在一个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到,基于这个原理我们可以共享数据
PutServlet代码:
public class PutServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username="young";
context.setAttribute("username",username);// //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username ,值是young。
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
GetServlet代码:
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("username:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
测试:
- 访问get页面
- 访问put页面
- 访问get页面
6.2 获取初始化参数
- 在web.xml中设置初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb</param-value>
</context-param>
- 获取初始化参数
public class IniParaServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 测试
6.3 请求转发
访问http://localhost:8080/young/Dispatcher,转发到http://localhost:8080/young/hello页面
public class DispatcherServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
context.getRequestDispatcher("/hello").forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
测试:
6.4 转发与重定向的区别:
如下图所示,转发时的访问的页面仍然是页面B;而重定向访问的页面是页面C。
6.5 读取资源文件
- 在java目录下新建db2.properties
- 在resources目录下新建db.properties
如果不做任何处理,可以发现只有resources目录下新建的db.properties在target文件中生成对应的文件,而在java目录下新建db2.properties没有生成对应的文件。
解决办法:在build中配置resources,来防止我们资源导出失败的问题
<build>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath。
读取资源文件的java代码:
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
测试:
7 HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse。
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
7.1 HttpServletResponse方法的简单分类
注:下面的这些方法即包括HttpServletResponse中的方法,也包括其父类ServletResponse中的方法。
- 负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException; //字节流
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException; //字符流
- 负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
- 响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
7.2 下载文件
下载文件的步骤:
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
下载文件的代码:
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath="E:\\研究生\\浮生小趣\\JAVE\\6.JavaWeb\\4.mycode\\javaweb-servlet\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\小羊.png";
//2. 下载的文件名
String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
//3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8"));
//4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5. 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
//6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
while ((len=in.read(bytes))>0){
out.write(bytes,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
输入测试网址:localhost:8080/down
7.3 验证码功能
代码:
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//定时刷新
resp.setHeader("refresh","2");
//创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片,获得一个画笔
Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
//设置背景颜色
graphics.setColor(Color.green);
graphics.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写内容
graphics.setColor(Color.blue);
graphics.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,15));
graphics.drawString(randomNum(),10,15);
//以图片方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//清除浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//将图片发送给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());
}
private String randomNum() {
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999)+"";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i <7-num.length() ; i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num=sb.toString()+num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
测试网址:http://localhost:8080/image
7.4 重定向
重定向:一个web资源(B)收到客户端(A)请求后,B他会通知客户(A)端去访问另外一个web资源C,这个过程叫重定向。
代码:
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.sendRedirect("/image");//重定向
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
测试网址:http://localhost:8080/redirect
根据上图可知,重定向完成了以下几个功能:
resp.setHeader("Locaton","/image");
resp.setStatus(302);
自动跳转至image页面:
重定向的使用场景:用户登录跳转的页面
登录页面代码:
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
重定向控制页面:
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
resp.sendRedirect("/LoginSuccess.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
登录成功的页面:
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>登录成功</title>
</head>
<body>
登录成功
</body>
</html>
测试:
8 HttpServletRequest应用
8.1 简介
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息。
常用的两个获取参数的方法:
- getParameter 返回一个String类型
- getParameterValues 返回String[ ]的数组
8.2 案例
index.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<div>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath }/login" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
爱好:
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="唱">唱
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="跳">跳
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="rap">rap
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="篮球">篮球
<br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
LoginServlet类:
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
req.getRequestDispatcher("/LoginSuccess.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
LoginSuccess.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>登录成功</title>
</head>
<body>
登录成功
</body>
</html>
测试:
点击提交,自动转发(还是login的页面,但是现实的loginSuccess的页面)
后台获得数据: