1、查询操作
date
针对某些date或者datetime类型的字段。可以指定date的范围。并且这个时间过滤,还可以使用链式调用。
date_test = Common.objects.filter(test_date__date=datetime(year=2018,month=12,day=19))
print(date_test.query)
print(date_test)
翻译成SQL语句:
SELECT `user_common`.`id`, `user_common`.`content`, `user_common`.`pid`, `user_common`.`test_date` FROM `user_common` WHERE DATE(`user_common`.`test_date`) = 2018-12-19
year
根据年份进行查找。
articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2018)
articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2017)
以上的代码在翻译成SQL语句为如下:
select ... where pub_date between '2018-01-01' and '2018-12-31';
select ... where pub_date >= '2017-01-01';
time
根据时间进行查找。
articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__time=time(hour=15,minute=21,second=10))
以上的代码是获取每一天中15点21分10秒发表的所有文章。
# 查询10秒到11秒之间的
start_date = time(hour=17,minute=21,second=10)
end_date = time(hour=17,minute=21,second=11)
date_test = Common.objects.filter(test_date__time__range = (start_date,end_date))
实例如下:
def find_data1(request):
# date字段
# article = Article.objects.filter(creat_time__date=datetime(year=2020, month=7, day=1))
# article = Article.objects.filter(creat_time__date='2020-07-01')
# print(article)
# Mysql原生语句,Mysql中没有时区的概念
# print(article.query)
# year字段
article = Article.objects.filter(creat_time__year=2020)
# 查询2019年之后的数据
article = Article.objects.filter(creat_time__year__gt=2019)
article = Article.objects.filter(creat_time__date__gt=datetime(year=2020, month=7, day=1))
return HttpResponse("find_data")
2、聚合函数
如果你用原生SQL,则可以使用聚合函数来提取数据。比如提取某个商品销售的数量,那么可以使用Count,如果想要知道商品销售的平均价格,那么可以使用Avg。
聚合函数是通过aggregate方法来实现的。
先写模型文件
from django.db import models
class Author(models.Model):
"""作者模型"""
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
age = models.IntegerField()
email = models.EmailField()
class Meta:
db_table = 'author' # 表名
class Publisher(models.Model):
"""出版社模型"""
name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
class Meta:
db_table = 'publisher'
class Book(models.Model):
"""图书模型"""
name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
pages = models.IntegerField()
price = models.FloatField() # 注意下面一个价格字段,定价
rating = models.FloatField() # 评分
# 外键
author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Meta:
db_table = 'book'
class BookOrder(models.Model):
"""图书订单模型"""
book = models.ForeignKey("Book", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
price = models.FloatField() # 与上面的价格不同,图书的定价和售价不一样
class Meta:
db_table = 'book_order'
数据库中导入测试数据:
聚合函数的使用
1.Avg:求平均值。比如想要获取所有图书的价格平均值。那么可以使用以下代码实现。
from django.db.models import Avg
from django.db import connection
result = Book.objects.aggregate(Avg('price'))
print(connection.queries) # 打印SQL语句
print(result)
以上的打印结果是:
{"price__avg":23.0}
其中price__avg的结构是根据field__avg规则构成的。如果想要修改默认的名字,那么可以将Avg赋值给一个关键字参数。
result = Book.objects.aggregate(my_avg=Avg('price'))
print(result)
那么以上的结果打印为:
{"my_avg":23}
实例如下:
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Book
from django.db.models import Avg
from django.db import connection
def avg_func(request):
# 获取所有图书的价格平均值, 聚合函数需要采用aggregate,而不是get、filter
# book = Book.objects.aggregate(Avg('price'))
book = Book.objects.aggregate(avg__price=Avg('price')) # 第二种写法
# id大于等于2的价格平均值,先筛选id>=2,再计算平均值
book = Book.objects.filter(id__gt=2).aggregate(avg__price=Avg('price'))
print(book) # {'price__avg': 97.25}
print(type(book)) # <class 'dict'>,无法使用query属性
# print(book.query) # 'dict' object has no attribute 'query'
print(connection.queries) # 会输出所有的SQL原生语句
'''
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT AVG(`book`.`price`) AS `price__avg` FROM `book`', 'time': '0.001'}]
'''
print(connection.queries[-1]) # 列表中最后一个才是执行的SQL语句
return HttpResponse("取平均值")
aggregate和annotate的区别
- 1·aggregate:返回使用聚合函数后的字段和值。
- 2.annotate:在原来模型字段的基础之上添加一个使用了聚合函数的字段,并且在使用聚合函数的时候,会使用当前这个模型的主键进行分组(group by)。
def agg_ann_func(request):
# 每一本图书的销售平均价格,annotate是先分组再执行其他的条件
books = Book.objects.annotate(avg=Avg('bookorder__price'))
'''
<QuerySet [<Book: Book object (1)>, <Book: Book object (2)>, <Book: Book object (3)>, <Book: Book object (4)>]>
三国演义 98.0
水浒传 97.0
西游记 None
红楼梦 None
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.001'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`,
AVG(`book_order`.`price`) AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON (`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)
GROUP BY `book`.`id` ORDER BY NULL LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.014'},
{'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`, AVG(`book_order`.`price`)
AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON (`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)
GROUP BY `book`.`id` ORDER BY NULL', 'time': '0.001'}]
'''
# {'avg': 91.0} 所有值的平均,aggregate返回使用聚合函数后的字段和值
# books = Book.objects.aggregate(avg=Avg('bookorder__price')) # bookorder是BookOrder的模型反向引用
'''
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT AVG(`book_order`.`price`)
AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON
(`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)', 'time': '0.023'}]
'''
print(books)
for i in books:
print(i.name, i.avg)
print(connection.queries)
return HttpResponse("agg_ann_func")
注意:annotate是先分组再执行其他的条件,aggregate返回使用聚合函数后的字段和值
2.Count:获取指定的对象的个数。
from django.db.models import Count
result = Book.objects.aggregate(book_num=Count('id'))
以上的result将返回Book表中总共有多少本图书。
Count类中,还有另外一个参数叫做distinct,默认是等于False,如果是等于True,那么将去掉那些重复的值。
比如要获取作者表中所有的不重复的邮箱总共有多少个。
from djang.db.models import Count
result = Author.objects.aggregate(count=Count('email',distinct=True))
# 统计每本图书的销量
result = Book.objects.annotate(book_nums=Count("bookorder"))
for book in result:
print("%s/%s"%(book.name,book.book_nums))
3.Max和Min:获取指定对象的最大值和最小值。比如想要获取Author表中,最大的年龄和最小的年龄分别是多少。
from django.db.models import Max,Min
result = Author.objects.aggregate(Max('age'),Min('age'))
如果最大的年龄是88,最小的年龄是18。那么以上的result将为:
{"age__max":88,"age__min":18}
# 统计每本售卖图书的最大值和最小值
request = Book.objects.annotate(max=Max("bookorder__price"),min=Min("bookorder__price"))
print(request)
4.Sum:求指定对象的总和。比如要求图书的销售总额。
from djang.db.models import Sum
result = Book.objects.aggregate(total=Sum("price"))
# 每一本图书的销售总额
result = Book.objects.annotate(total=Sum("bookorder__price"))
# 统计2019年,销售总额
result = BookOrder.objects.filter(create_time__year=2019).aggregate(total=Sum("price"))
实例如下:
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Book, Author, BookOrder
from django.db.models import Avg, Count, Max, Min, Sum
from django.db import connection
def avg_func(request):
# 获取所有图书的价格平均值, 聚合函数需要采用aggregate,而不是get、filter
# book = Book.objects.aggregate(Avg('price'))
# book = Book.objects.aggregate(avg__price=Avg('price')) # 第二种写法
# id大于等于2的价格平均值,先筛选id>=2,再计算平均值
book = Book.objects.filter(id__gt=2).aggregate(avg__price=Avg('price'))
print(book) # {'price__avg': 97.25}
print(type(book)) # <class 'dict'>,无法使用query属性
# print(book.query) # 'dict' object has no attribute 'query'
print(connection.queries) # 会输出所有的SQL原生语句
'''
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT AVG(`book`.`price`) AS `price__avg` FROM `book`', 'time': '0.001'}]
'''
print(connection.queries[-1]) # 列表中最后一个才是执行的SQL语句
return HttpResponse("取平均值")
def agg_ann_func(request):
# 每一本图书的销售平均价格,annotate是先分组再执行其他的条件
books = Book.objects.annotate(avg=Avg('bookorder__price'))
'''
<QuerySet [<Book: Book object (1)>, <Book: Book object (2)>, <Book: Book object (3)>, <Book: Book object (4)>]>
三国演义 98.0
水浒传 97.0
西游记 95.0
红楼梦 99.0
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.001'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`,
AVG(`book_order`.`price`) AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON (`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)
GROUP BY `book`.`id` ORDER BY NULL LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.014'},
{'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`, AVG(`book_order`.`price`)
AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON (`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)
GROUP BY `book`.`id` ORDER BY NULL', 'time': '0.001'}]
'''
# {'avg': 91.0} 所有值的平均,aggregate返回使用聚合函数后的字段和值
# books = Book.objects.aggregate(avg=Avg('bookorder__price')) # bookorder是BookOrder的模型反向引用
'''
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT AVG(`book_order`.`price`)
AS `avg` FROM `book` LEFT OUTER JOIN `book_order` ON
(`book`.`id` = `book_order`.`book_id`)', 'time': '0.023'}]
'''
print(books)
for i in books:
print(i.name, i.avg)
print(connection.queries)
return HttpResponse("agg_ann_func")
def count_func(request):
# 查询一共多少图书
# books = Book.objects.aggregate(book_num=Count('pk'))
# books = Book.objects.aggregate(book_num=Count('id')) # {'book_num': 4}
# print(books)
# 查询作者年龄不重复的,distinct=True去重复,默认是False
# authors = Author.objects.aggregate(count=Count("age", distinct=True))
# print(authors) # {'count': 4}
# 每本图书的销量
# books = Book.objects.annotate(book_num=Count("bookorder__id"))
books = Book.objects.annotate(book_num=Count("bookorder")) # 默认自动关联id字段
for book in books:
print(book.name, book.book_num)
return HttpResponse('count_func')
def max_min_func(request):
# 最大值最小值
author = Author.objects.aggregate(Max('age'), Min('age')) # {'age__max': 46, 'age__min': 28}
print(author)
# 每本图书销售价格最大最小值
book = Book.objects.annotate(max=Max("bookorder__price"), min=Min("bookorder__price"))
'''
<QuerySet [<Book: Book object (1)>, <Book: Book object (2)>, <Book: Book object (3)>, <Book: Book object (4)>]>
'''
print(book)
for i in book:
print(i.name, i.max, i.min)
'''
三国演义 95.0 85.0
水浒传 94.0 93.0
西游记 None None
红楼梦 None None
'''
return HttpResponse("max_min_func")
def sum_func(request):
# 图书销售总额
book = BookOrder.objects.aggregate(Sum("price")) # {'price__sum': 455.0}
print(book)
# 每一本图书的销售总额, 先分组
books = Book.objects.annotate(total=Sum("bookorder__price")) # 注意外键关联字中是双下划线 _ _
for book in books:
print(book.name, book.total)
# 统计每本图书2020年的销售总额
books = Book.objects.filter(bookorder__price__year=2020).annotate(total=Sum("bookorder__price"))
# 统计2020年的图书销售总额,creat_time是模型新添加字段
book = BookOrder.objects.filter(creat_time__year=2020).aggregate(total=Sum("price"))
return HttpResponse("sum_func")
3、F表达式和Q表达式
F表达式
F表达式是用来优化ORM操作数据库的。比如我们要将公司所有员工的薪水都增加1000元,如果按照正常的流程,应该是先从数据库中提取所有的员工工资到Python内存中,然后使用Python代码在员工工资的基础之上增加1000元,最后再保存到数据库中。这里面涉及的流程就是,首先从数据库中提取数据到Python内存中,然后在Python内存中做完运算,之后再保存到数据库中。
注意: 映射数据库前需要添加app名称到INSTALLED_APPS
定义模型:
from django.db import models
class User(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
age = models.IntegerField()
salary = models.FloatField() # 薪水
实现功能:所有人薪水加1000
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import User
from django.db.models import F
from django.db import connection
'''
# F表达式 所有人薪水加1000
1.提取所有员工的薪资
2.在原有基础上+1000
3.保存到数据库中
'''
def index(request):
# users = User.objects.all()
# for user in users:
# user.salary += 1000
# user.save()
# F表达式
user = User.objects.update(salary=F("salary")+1000)
print(user)
print(type(user)) # <class 'int'>
print(connection.queries) # 只要不是QuerySet类型数据,都需要用connection.queries表达原生SQL语句
'''
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'UPDATE `user_user` SET `salary` = (`user_user`.`salary` + 1000)', 'time': '0.042'}]
'''
return HttpResponse("index")
F表达式并不会马上从数据库中获取数据,而是在生成SQL语句的时候,动态的获取传给F表达式的值。
比如如果想要获取作者中,name和email相同的作者数据。如果不使用F表达式。
authors = Author.objects.all()
for author in authors:
if author.name == author.email:
print(author)
如果使用F表达式,那么一行代码就可以搞定。示例代码如下:
from django.db.models import F
authors = Author.objects.filter(name=F("email"))
Q表达式(与或非运算)
如果想要实现所有价格高于100元,并且评分达到9.0以上评分的图书。
books = Book.objects.filter(price__gte=100,rating__gte=9)
以上这个案例是一个并集查询,可以简单的通过传递多个条件进去来实现。
但是如果想要实现一些复杂的查询语句,比如要查询所有价格低于10元,或者是评分低于9分的图书。那就没有办法通过传递多个条件进去实现了。这时候就需要使用Q表达式来实现了。
from django.db.models import Q
# 或运算
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(price__lte=10) | Q(rating__lte=9))
以上是进行或运算,当然还可以进行其他的运算,比如有&和~(非)等。
from django.db.models import Q
# 获取id等于3的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(id=3))
# 获取id等于3,或者名字中包含文字"传"的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(id=3)|Q(name__contains="传"))
# 获取价格大于100,并且书名中包含"传"的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(price__gte=100)&Q(name__contains="传"))
# 获取书名包含"传",但是id不等于3的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(name__contains='传') & ~Q(id=3))