Linux 文件夹、文件、inode、fd

1.Linux 文件夹

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <dirent.h>

Linux 中一切皆文件，对文件夹的操作本质上也是对文件的操作。

/* Open a directory stream on NAME.
   Return a DIR stream on the directory, or NULL if it could not be opened.

   This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
   marked with __THROW.  */
extern DIR *opendir (const char *__name) __nonnull ((1));

打开一个文件夹。

/* Read a directory entry from DIRP.  Return a pointer to a `struct
   dirent' describing the entry, or NULL for EOF or error.  The
   storage returned may be overwritten by a later readdir call on the
   same DIR stream.

   If the Large File Support API is selected we have to use the
   appropriate interface.

   This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
   marked with __THROW.  */
#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
extern struct dirent *readdir (DIR *__dirp) __nonnull ((1));
#else

读取文件夹的内容。

/* Close the directory stream DIRP.
   Return 0 if successful, -1 if not.

   This function is a possible cancellation point and therefore not
   marked with __THROW.  */
extern int closedir (DIR *__dirp) __nonnull ((1));

关闭文件夹。

/* Get file attributes for FILE and put them in BUF.  */
extern int stat (const char *__restrict __file,
         struct stat *__restrict __buf) __THROW __nonnull ((1, 2));

获取文件夹的属性。

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void folder_func()
{
    DIR* dirp = opendir(".");

    if(dirp != NULL)
    {
        struct dirent* dp = NULL;

        while((dp=readdir(dirp)) !=NULL)
        {
            struct stat sb={0};

            if(stat(dp->d_name,&sb) != -1)
            {
                printf("name : %s,type : %d,size bytes : %ld,mtime : %s\n",dp->d_name,dp->d_type,sb.st_size,ctime(&sb.st_mtime));
            }
        }
    }
    closedir(dirp);
}

int main()
{
    folder_func();

    return 0;
}

2.Linux 文件定义

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <unistd.h>

/* Open FILE and return a new file descriptor for it, or -1 on error.
   OFLAG determines the type of access used.  If O_CREAT or O_TMPFILE is set
   in OFLAG, the third argument is taken as a `mode_t', the mode of the
   created file.

   This function is a cancellation point and therefore not marked with
   __THROW.  */
extern int open (const char *__file, int __oflag, ...) __nonnull ((1));

打开文件

/* Read NBYTES into BUF from FD.  Return the
   number read, -1 for errors or 0 for EOF.

   This function is a cancellation point and therefore not marked with
   __THROW.  */
extern ssize_t read (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbytes) __wur;

读取 __nbytes 字节到 __buf 中。

/* Write N bytes of BUF to FD.  Return the number written, or -1.

   This function is a cancellation point and therefore not marked with
   __THROW.  */
extern ssize_t write (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __n) __wur;

写入 __n字节到 __buf 中。

/* Close the file descriptor FD.

   This function is a cancellation point and therefore not marked with
   __THROW.  */
extern int close (int __fd);

关闭文件。

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>


void file_func(const char* dst,const char* src)
{
    int dfd = open(dst,O_WRONLY|O_CREAT,0600);
    int sfd = open(src,O_RDONLY);

    if((dfd != -1) && (sfd != -1))
    {
        char buf[512]={0};
        int len=0;

        while((len=read(sfd,buf,sizeof(buf)))>0)
        {
            write(dfd,buf,len);
        }
    }
    close(dfd);
    close(sfd);
}

int main()
{
    file_func("new_test.cpp","test.c");

    return 0;
}

3.Linux inode,fd

#include <sys/stat.h>

struct stat
  {
    __dev_t st_dev;		/* Device.  */
#ifndef __x86_64__
    unsigned short int __pad1;
#endif
#if defined __x86_64__ || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __ino_t st_ino;		/* File serial number.	*/
#else
    __ino_t __st_ino;			/* 32bit file serial number.	*/
#endif
#ifndef __x86_64__
    __mode_t st_mode;			/* File mode.  */
    __nlink_t st_nlink;			/* Link count.  */
#else
    __nlink_t st_nlink;		/* Link count.  */
    __mode_t st_mode;		/* File mode.  */
#endif
    __uid_t st_uid;		/* User ID of the file's owner.	*/
    __gid_t st_gid;		/* Group ID of the file's group.*/
#ifdef __x86_64__
    int __pad0;
#endif
    __dev_t st_rdev;		/* Device number, if device.  */
#ifndef __x86_64__
    unsigned short int __pad2;
#endif
#if defined __x86_64__ || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __off_t st_size;			/* Size of file, in bytes.  */
#else
    __off64_t st_size;			/* Size of file, in bytes.  */
#endif
    __blksize_t st_blksize;	/* Optimal block size for I/O.  */
#if defined __x86_64__  || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __blkcnt_t st_blocks;		/* Number 512-byte blocks allocated. */
#else
    __blkcnt64_t st_blocks;		/* Number 512-byte blocks allocated. */
#endif
#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K8
    /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format
       equivalent to 'struct timespec'.  This is the type used
       whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the
       identifier 'timespec' to appear in the <sys/stat.h> header.
       Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly
       standard-compliant sources special.  */
    struct timespec st_atim;		/* Time of last access.  */
    struct timespec st_mtim;		/* Time of last modification.  */
    struct timespec st_ctim;		/* Time of last status change.  */
# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec	/* Backward compatibility.  */
# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
#else
    __time_t st_atime;			/* Time of last access.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_atimensec;	/* Nscecs of last access.  */
    __time_t st_mtime;			/* Time of last modification.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_mtimensec;	/* Nsecs of last modification.  */
    __time_t st_ctime;			/* Time of last status change.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_ctimensec;	/* Nsecs of last status change.  */
#endif
#ifdef __x86_64__
    __syscall_slong_t __glibc_reserved[3];
#else
# ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    unsigned long int __glibc_reserved4;
    unsigned long int __glibc_reserved5;
# else
    __ino64_t st_ino;			/* File serial number.	*/
# endif
#endif
  };

/* Get file attributes for the file, device, pipe, or socket
   that file descriptor FD is open on and put them in BUF.  */
extern int fstat (int __fd, struct stat *__buf) __THROW __nonnull ((2));

1.第一个参数是 fd，第二个参数是 stat 对象指针。

2.在stat 结构中，__ino_t st_ino;        /* File serial number.    */  就是具体的inode。

3.fd 是根据进程来的，每一个进程不同，fd也就不同；inode 是唯一确定的。

4.Linux下，获取某个文件的inode值的方式为：stat fileName。如下所示：