JavaWeb之http协议

达少～

已于 2022-03-15 14:52:18 修改

阅读量393

点赞数

文章标签： http java servlet request response

于 2021-10-04 23:12:24 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42284219/article/details/120566453

版权

知识回顾：
JavaWeb之Java基础知识增强
 JavaWeb之JDBC
JavaWeb之数据库连接池
 JavaWeb之HTML&CSS
JavaWeb之JavaScript
JavaWeb之Bootstrap
JavaWeb之XML
JavaWeb之web服务器软件
 JavaWeb之Servlet

1.概念

HTTP：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议
传输协议：定义了，客户端和服务器端通信时，发送数据的格式
特点：
- 基于TCP/IP的高级协议
- 默认端口号:80
- 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应
- 无状态的：每次请求之间相互独立，不能交互数据
历史版本：
- 1.0：每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接
- 1.1：复用连接

2.请求消息：客户端发送给服务器端的数据

Http原理图

		POST /login.html	HTTP/1.1
		Host: localhost
		User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0
		Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
		Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
		Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
		Referer: http://localhost/login.html
		Connection: keep-alive
		Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
		
		username=zhangsan

（1）请求行

请求方式	请求url	请求协议/版本
GET	/login.html	HTTP/1.1

请求方式：HTTP协议有7中请求方式，常用的有2种
- GET
  - 请求参数在请求行中，在url后。
  - 请求的url长度有限制的
  - 不太安全
- POST
  - 请求参数在请求体中
  - 请求的url长度没有限制的
  - 相对安全

（2）请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

请求头名称: 请求头值

常见的请求头：
- User-Agent：浏览器告诉服务器，我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息
  - 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息，解决浏览器的兼容性问题(不同的浏览器解析资源后可能显示不一样的效果，需要兼容性解决)
- Referer：http://localhost/login.html
  - 告诉服务器，我(当前请求)从哪里来？
  - 作用：
    - 防盗链
    - 统计工作

在这里插入图片描述

（3）请求空行

空行，就是用于分割POST请求的请求头，和请求体的。

（4）请求体(正文)：

封装POST请求消息的请求参数的

3.Request

（1）request对象和response对象的原理

在这里插入图片描述

request和response对象是由服务器创建的。我们来使用它们
request对象是来获取请求消息，response对象是来设置响应消息

（2）request对象继承体系结构

	ServletRequest		--	接口
		|	继承
	HttpServletRequest	-- 接口
		|	实现
	org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat)

（3）request功能

1)获取请求消息数据

GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1
方法：
- 获取请求方式：GET，使用String getMethod()
- 获取虚拟目录：/day14，使用String getContextPath()
- 获取Servlet路径: /demo1，使用String getServletPath()
- 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan，使用String getQueryString()
- 获取请求URI：/day14/demo1，使用
  - String getRequestURI() : /day14/demo1
  - StringBuffer getRequestURL() : http://localhost/day14/demo1
  - URL:统一资源定位符： http://localhost/day14/demo1
  - URI：统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1
- 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1，使用String getProtocol()
- 获取客户机的IP地址，使用String getRemoteAddr()

package com.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 *
 * 演示request对象方法的使用
 *
 */
@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo1")
public class ServletDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //获取请求方式 ：GET，使用String getMethod()
        String method = request.getMethod();
        System.out.println(method);
        //获取虚拟目录：/day14，使用String getContextPath()
        String contextPath = request.getContextPath();
        System.out.println(contextPath);
        //获取Servlet路径: /demo1，使用String getServletPath()
        String servletPath = request.getServletPath();
        System.out.println(servletPath);
        //获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan，使用String getQueryString()
        String queryString = request.getQueryString();
        System.out.println(queryString);
        //获取请求URI：/day14/demo1，使用
        //String getRequestURI() : /day14_war_exploded/requestServletDemo1
        //StringBuffer getRequestURL() : http://localhost:8080/day14_war_exploded/requestServletDemo1
        String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();
        StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();
        System.out.println(requestURI);
        System.out.println(requestURL);
        //获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1，使用String getProtocol()
        String protocol = request.getProtocol();
        System.out.println(protocol);
        //获取客户机的IP地址，使用String getRemoteAddr()
        String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();
        System.out.println(remoteAddr);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

2)获取请求头数据

String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
Enumeration getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo2")
public class ServletDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //Enumeration getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称
        Enumeration<String> headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();

        //遍历
        while (headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
            String name = headerNames.nextElement();
            //String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
            String value = request.getHeader(name);
            System.out.println(name + ":" + value);
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo3")
public class ServletDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
        String header = request.getHeader("user-agent");
        if(header.contains("Chrome")){
            System.out.println("通过谷歌浏览器访问。。。");
        }else if(header.contains("Firefox")){
            System.out.println("通过火狐浏览器访问。。。");
        }else{
            System.out.println("通过其他浏览器访问。。。");
        }
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

3)获取请求体数据

请求体：只有POST请求方式，才有请求体，在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数
步骤:
- 获取流对象
  - BufferedReader getReader()：获取字符输入流，只能操作字符数据
  - ServletInputStream getInputStream()：获取字节输入流，可以操作所有类型数据
- 再从流对象中拿数据

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo5")
public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.获取流对象
        BufferedReader br = request.getReader();
        String line = null;
        //2.再从流对象中拿数据
        while((line = br.readLine()) != null){
            System.out.println(line);
        }
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>注册页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/day14_war_exploded/requestServletDemo5" method="post">
    <input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username"/><br/>
    <input type="password" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password"/><br/>
    <input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述

4）其他功能

获取请求参数通用方式

获取请求参数通用方式：不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数
- String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
- String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 hobby=xx&hobby=game
- Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
- Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合
- 中文乱码问题:
  - get方式：tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
  - post方式：会乱码
    - 解决：在获取参数前，设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo6")
public class ServletDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println("============================");

        //2.String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 hobby=xx&hobby=game
        String[] hobbies = request.getParameterValues("hobby");
        for (String hobby : hobbies){
            System.out.println(hobby);
        }
        System.out.println("============================");
        //3.Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
        Enumeration<String> parameterNames = request.getParameterNames();
        while(parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){
            String name = parameterNames.nextElement();
            System.out.println(name);
            System.out.println("------------------------");
        }
        System.out.println("============================");
        //4.Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合
        Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap();
        Set<String> keySet = parameterMap.keySet();
        for(String key : keySet){
            String[] values = parameterMap.get(key);
            for (String value : values){
                System.out.println(value);
            }
            System.out.println("************************");
        }

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>注册页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/day14_war_exploded/requestServletDemo6" method="post">
    <input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username"/><br/>
    <input type="password" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password"/><br/>
    <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="game">游戏
    <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="study">学习<br/>
    <input type="submit" value="注册">
</form>
</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述
中文乱码问题解决方式：

package com.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo7")
public class ServletDemo7 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //解决中文乱码，需要设置流的字符编码
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//这个编码要和页面的编码保持一致
        //1.String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        System.out.println(username);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

请求转发

请求转发：一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式
步骤:
- 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象：RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)
- 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发：forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
特点：
- 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化
- 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。
- 转发是一次请求

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo8")
public class ServletDemo8 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        System.out.println("demo8被访问。。。。。。");
        //请求转发
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestServletDemo9").forward(request, response);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo9")
public class ServletDemo9 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo9被访问。。。。。。");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

共享数据

域对象：一个有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据
request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
方法：
- void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
- bject getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
- void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo8")
public class ServletDemo8 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        System.out.println("demo8被访问。。。。。。");
        //设置共享数据
        request.setAttribute("msg", "hello");
        //请求转发
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestServletDemo9").forward(request, response);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo9")
public class ServletDemo9 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取共享的数据
        Object msg = request.getAttribute("msg");
        System.out.println(msg);
        System.out.println("demo9被访问。。。。。。");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

获取ServletContext（现在只是获取该对象，后面会具体讲解）

ServletContext getServletContext()

@WebServlet("/requestServletDemo10")
public class ServletDemo10 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取ServletContext对象
        ServletContext servletContext = request.getServletContext();
        System.out.println(servletContext);//org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContextFacade@22369334
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通常在开发过程只实现doPost()或doGet(),因为两个方法基本一样
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

4.案例：用户登录

(1)用户登录案例需求

.编写login.html登录页面 username & password 两个输入框
使用Druid数据库连接池技术,操作mysql，day14数据库中user表
使用JdbcTemplate技术封装JDBC
登录成功跳转到SuccessServlet展示：登录成功！用户名,欢迎您
登录失败跳转到FailServlet展示：登录失败，用户名或密码错误

(2)分析

在这里插入图片描述

(3)开发步骤

1.创建项目，导入html页面，配置文件，jar包

druid.properties

driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
url=jdbc:mysql:///day14
username=root
password=root
initialSize=5
maxActive=10
maxWait=3000

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form action="" method="post">
        用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
        密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>

        <input type="submit" value="登录">

    </form>
</body>
</html>

2.创建数据库环境

CREATE DATABASE day14;

USE day14;

CREATE TABLE `user`(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	username VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
	`password` VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL
);

INSERT INTO USER VALUES(1,'superbaby','123456');

3.创建包com.weeks.domain,创建类User

package com.weeks.domain;

/**
 *
 * user实体类
 *
 */
public class User {
    private Integer id;
    private String username;
    private String password;

    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "user{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

4.创建包com.weeks.util,编写工具类JDBCUtils

package com.weeks.util;

import com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSourceFactory;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Properties;

/**
 *
 * JDBCUtil工具类，连接druid
 */
public class JDBCUtil {
    private static DataSource ds;

    static {
        //1.加载配置文件
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        InputStream is = JDBCUtil.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("druid.properties");
        try {
            properties.load(is);
            //2.初始化连接池对象
            ds = DruidDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(properties);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    };

    /**
     * 获取数据库连接池对象
     * @return
     */
    public static DataSource getDataSource(){
        return ds;
    }
}

5.创建包com.weeks.dao,创建类UserDao,提供login方法

package com.weeks.dao;

import com.weeks.domain.User;
import com.weeks.util.JDBCUtil;
import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;

/**
 *
 * 操作数据库中User表的类
 */
public class UserDao {
    //声明JDBCTemplate对象共用
    private JdbcTemplate template = new JdbcTemplate(JDBCUtil.getDataSource());

    public User login(User loginUser){
        try {
            //1.编写sql
            String sql = "select * from user where username=? and password=?";
            //2.调用query方法
            User user = template.queryForObject(sql, new BeanPropertyRowMapper<User>(User.class), loginUser.getUsername(), loginUser.getPassword());

            return user;
        } catch (DataAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();//记录日志
            return null;
        }

    }
}

6.编写com.weeks.web.servlet.LoginServlet类

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import com.weeks.dao.UserDao;
import com.weeks.domain.User;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/loginServlet")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.设置编码
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //2.获取请求参数
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        //3.封装user对象
        User loginUser = new User();
        loginUser.setUsername(username);
        loginUser.setPassword(password);
        //4.调用UserDao的login方法
        UserDao userDao = new UserDao();
        User user = userDao.login(loginUser);
        //5.判断user
        if(user == null){
            //登录失败
            req.getRequestDispatcher("/failServlet").forward(req, resp);
        }else{
            //登录成功
            //存储数据
            req.setAttribute("user", user);
            //转发
            req.getRequestDispatcher("/successServlet").forward(req, resp);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

7.编写FailServlet和SuccessServlet类

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import com.weeks.domain.User;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/successServlet")
public class SuccessServlet extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取request域中共享的user对象
        User user = (User) request.getAttribute("user");
        if(user != null){
            //给页面写一句话
            //设置编码
            response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
            //输出
            response.getWriter().write("登录成功！" + user.getUsername() + "，欢迎您！");
        }
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/failServlet")
public class FailServlet extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //设置编码
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        //页面输出一句话
        response.getWriter().write("登录失败！用户名或密码错误！");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

8.注意：配置好login.html中form标签的action属性，action="虚拟目录+Servlet的资源路径"

<form action="/day14_example_war_exploded/loginServlet" method="post">

在这里插入图片描述

9.BeanUtils工具类，简化数据封装,用于封装JavaBean的
- JavaBean：标准的Java类
  - 要求：
    - 类必须被public修饰
    - 必须提供空参的构造器
    - 成员变量必须使用private修饰
    - 提供公共setter和getter方法
  - 功能：封装数据
- 概念：
  - 成员变量：如User中的username和password
  - 属性：setter和getter方法截取后的产物，例如：getUsername() --> Username–> username
- 方法：
  - setProperty()：例如BeanUtils.setProperty(user, "username", "zhangshan");
  - getProperty()：例如BeanUtils.getProperty(user, "username");
  - populate(Object obj , Map map):将map集合的键值对信息，封装到对应的JavaBean对象中

/**
* 使用BeanUtils工具类封装User对象
*/
package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import com.weeks.dao.UserDao;
import com.weeks.domain.User;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanUtils;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.Map;

@WebServlet("/loginServlet")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.设置编码
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //2.使用getParameterMap获取请求所有的参数
//        String username = req.getParameter("username");
//        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = req.getParameterMap();
        //3.使用BeanUtilsBean封装user对象
        User loginUser = new User();
//        loginUser.setUsername(username);
//        loginUser.setPassword(password);
        try {
            BeanUtils.populate(loginUser, parameterMap);
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        //4.调用UserDao的login方法
        UserDao userDao = new UserDao();
        User user = userDao.login(loginUser);
        //5.判断user
        if(user == null){
            //登录失败
            req.getRequestDispatcher("/failServlet").forward(req, resp);
        }else{
            //登录成功
            //存储数据
            req.setAttribute("user", user);
            //转发
            req.getRequestDispatcher("/successServlet").forward(req, resp);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

5.响应消息：服务器端发送给客户端的数据

（1）数据格式

响应行
响应头
响应空行
响应体

		HTTP/1.1 200 OK
		Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
		Content-Length: 101
		Date: Wed, 06 Jun 2018 07:08:42 GMT

		<html>
		  <head>
		    <title>$Title$</title>
		  </head>
		  <body>
		  hello , response
		  </body>
		</html>

1)响应行

组成：协议/版本响应状态码状态码描述

协议/版本	响应状态码	状态码描述
HTTP/1.1	200	OK

响应状态码：服务器告诉客户端浏览器本次请求和响应的一个状态。
- 状态码都是3位数字
- 分类：
  - 1xx：服务器就收客户端消息，但没有接受完成，等待一段时间后，发送1xx状态码
  - 2xx：成功。代表：200
  - 3xx：重定向。代表：302(重定向，就是访问服务器中的A资源，A原资源说这事我办不了，但是告诉客户端可以去找C资源，然后客户端按照A资源给的提示去访问C资源，这就是重定向)，304(访问缓存，客户端访问过服务器中的a资源并将a资源保存到本地进行缓存，当再次访问a资源时服务器中的a资源没有发生变化，那么服务器就告诉客户端浏览器直接访问本地的缓存就行)
  - 4xx：客户端错误。404（请求路径没有对应的资源）；405：请求方式没有对应的doXxx方法
  - 5xx：服务器端错误。代表：500(服务器内部出现异常)

2)响应头

格式：头名称：值
常见的响应头：
- Content-Type：服务器告诉客户端本次响应体数据格式以及编码格式
- Content-disposition：服务器告诉客户端以什么格式打开响应体数据
  - in-line:默认值,在当前页面内打开
  - attachment;filename=xxx：以附件形式打开响应体。文件下载

3)响应空行

4)响应体:传输的数据

6.Response对象

(1)功能：设置响应消息

设置响应行
- 格式：HTTP/1.1 200 ok
- 设置状态码：setStatus(int sc)
设置响应头：setHeader(String name, String value)
设置响应体：
- 使用步骤：
  - 获取输出流
    - 字符输出流：PrintWriter getWriter()
    - 字节输出流：ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()
  - 使用输出流，将数据输出到客户端浏览器

(2)案例

1)完成重定向

重定向

重定向：资源跳转的方式
步骤：
- 设置状态码为302
- 设置响应头location
实现方式有两种

//方式1
//1. 设置状态码为302
response.setStatus(302);
 //2.设置响应头location
response.setHeader("location","/day15/responseDemo2");

//方式2
//简单的重定向方法
response.sendRedirect("/day15/responseDemo2");

代码实现

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 *
 * 重定向演示
 *
 */
@WebServlet("/servletDemo1")
public class ServletDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo1......execute!!!");
        //1.设置状态码
        response.setStatus(302);
        //2.设置响应头location, "/虚拟目录/资源路径"
        response.setHeader("location", "/day15_war_exploded/servletDemo2");
	    //简单方式实现重定向
        //response.sendRedirect("/day15_war_exploded/servletDemo2");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/servletDemo2")
public class ServletDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo2......execute！！！");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

重新向和转发的区别

重新向和转发的区别，即forward和 redirect的区别

重定向的特点:redirect	转发的特点：forward
地址栏发生变化	转发地址栏路径不变
重定向可以访问其他站点(服务器)的资源	转发只能访问当前服务器下的资源
重定向是两次请求。不能使用request对象来共享数据	转发是一次请求，可以使用request对象来共享数据

路径写法

路径分类

相对路径：通过相对路径不可以确定唯一资源
- 如：./index.html
- 不以/开头，以.开头路径
- 规则：找到当前资源和目标资源之间的相对位置关系
  - ./：当前目录
  - ../:后退一级目录
绝对路径：通过绝对路径可以确定唯一资源
- 如：http://localhost/day15/responseDemo2 /day15/responseDemo2
- 以/开头的路径
- 规则：判断定义的路径是给谁用的？判断请求将来从哪儿发出
  - 给客户端浏览器使用：需要加虚拟目录(项目的访问路径)
    - 建议虚拟目录动态获取：request.getContextPath()
    - <a> , <form>重定向…
  - 给服务器使用：不需要加虚拟目录
    - 转发路径

2)服务器输出字符数据到浏览器

步骤

获取字符输出流
输出数据

注意

乱码问题：造成这个问题是因为编码和解码所用的字符集不一样
- PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();获取的流的默认编码是ISO-8859-1
- 设置该流的默认编码
- 告诉浏览器响应体使用的编码

//简单的形式，设置编码，是在获取流之前设置		response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/servletDemo3")
public class ServletDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //解决中文乱码的两步：
        //1.在获取输出流之前，设置默认编码，默认的编码为：ISO-8859-1，现在设置为utf-8
        //response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //2.告诉浏览器，服务器发送的消息体数据的编码。建议浏览器使用该编码解码
        //response.setHeader("context-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");

        //上面两步解决中文乱码的步骤比较复杂，下面有个简单的方法解决
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

        //1.获取字符输出流
        PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
        //2.设置输出的数据
//        pw.write("hello response!!!");
        pw.write("你好 response!!!");//观察是否出现乱码
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

3)服务器输出字节数据到浏览器

步骤：
- 获取字节输出流
- 输出数据

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/servletDemo4")
public class ServletDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //解决中文乱码
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

        //1.获取字节输出流
        ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream();
        //2.设置输出的数据
        sos.write("你好！hello".getBytes("utf-8"));
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

4)验证码

本质：图片
目的：防止恶意表单注册

package com.weeks.web.servlet;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/checkCodeServlet")
public class CheckCodeServlet extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        int width = 100;
        int height = 50;
        //1.创建一对象，在内存中图片(验证码图片对象)
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //2.美化图片
        //2.1 填充背景色
        Graphics g = image.getGraphics();
        g.setColor(Color.PINK);
        g.fillRect(0,0, width, height);

        //2.2画边框
        g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
        g.drawRect(0, 0, width - 1, height - 1);

        String str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghigklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
        //生成随机角标
        Random random = new Random();
        for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
            int index = random.nextInt(str.length());
            //获取字符
            char ch = str.charAt(index);
            //2.3写验证码
            g.drawString(ch + "", width / 5 * i, height / 2);
        }

        //2.4画干扰线
        g.setColor(Color.GREEN);
        //随机生成坐标点
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            int x1 = random.nextInt(width);
            int x2 = random.nextInt(width);
            int y1 = random.nextInt(height);
            int y2 = random.nextInt(height);
            g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);
        }

        //3.将图片输出到页面展示
        ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", response.getOutputStream());
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

实现验证码的切换
register.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <script>
        /*
            分析：
                点击超链接或者图片，需要换一张
                1.给超链接和图片绑定单击事件

                2.重新设置图片的src属性值
         */
        window.onload= function () {
            //1.获取图片对象
            var img = document.getElementById("check");
            //2.绑定单击事件
            img.onclick = function () {
                //加时间戳
                var date = new Date().getTime();
                img.src = "/day15_war_exploded/checkCodeServlet?" + date;
            }

            var aobj = document.getElementById("change");
            aobj.onclick = function () {
                img.onclick;
            }
        }
    </script>
</head>
<body>
    <img id="check" src="/day15_war_exploded/checkCodeServlet"/>
    <a id="change" href="/day15_war_exploded/checkCodeServlet">看不清，换一张</a>
</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述

7.ServletContext对象

(1)概念

代表整个web应用，可以和程序的容器(服务器)来通信

(2)获取ServletContext对象

通过request对象获取, request.getServletContext();
通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * @author 达少
 * @version 1.0
 */
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo1")
public class ServletContextDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        /**
         *
         * 通过request对象获取, request.getServletContext();
         * 通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
         */
        //通过request对象获取, request.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext1 = request.getServletContext();
        //通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext2 = this.getServletContext();
        System.out.println(servletContext1);
        System.out.println(servletContext2);
        //servletContext1和servletContext2是同一个对象
        System.out.println(servletContext1 == servletContext2);//true
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

(3)功能

获取MIME类型
- MIME类型:在互联网通信过程中定义的一种文件数据类型
  - 格式：大类型/小类型，例如：text/html，image/jpeg
- 获取：String getMimeType(String file)

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo2")
public class ServletContextDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        String image = "a.jpg";
        //获取MIME类型,String getMimeType(String file)
        String mimeType = servletContext.getMimeType(image);
        System.out.println(mimeType);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

域对象：共享数据
- setAttribute(String name,Object value)
- getAttribute(String name)
- removeAttribute(String name)
- ServletContext对象范围：所有用户所有请求的数据

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo3")
public class ServletContextDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        //设置共享数据
        servletContext.setAttribute("msg", "share data");
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo4")
public class ServletContextDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        //获取共享的数据
        Object msg = servletContext.getAttribute("msg");
        //打印出共享的数据内容
        System.out.println(msg);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
- 方法：String getRealPath(String path)

String b = context.getRealPath("/b.txt");//web目录下资源访问
System.out.println(b);
	
String c = context.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/c.txt");//WEB-INF目录下的资源访问
System.out.println(c);
	
String a = context.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/a.txt");//src目录下的资源访问
System.out.println(a);

在这里插入图片描述

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;


@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo5")
public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //通过HttpServlet获取, this.getServletContext();
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        //获取文件的真实路径
        //1.获取src目录下的a.txt文件路径
        String a = servletContext.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/class/a.txt");
        System.out.println("a: " + a);
        //2.获取webapp目录下b.txt文件路径
        String b = servletContext.getRealPath("/b.txt");
        System.out.println("b: " + b);
        //3.获取WEB-INF下c.txt的文件路径
        String c = servletContext.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/c.txt");
        System.out.println("c: " + c);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request, response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

8.案例

(1)文件下载需求

页面显示超链接
点击超链接后弹出下载提示框
完成图片文件下载

(2)分析

超链接指向的资源如果能够被浏览器解析，则在浏览器中展示，如果不能解析，则弹出下载提示框。不满足需求
任何资源都必须弹出下载提示框
使用响应头设置资源的打开方式：content-disposition:attachment;filename=xxx

(3) 步骤

定义页面，编辑超链接href属性，指向Servlet，传递资源名称filename
定义Servlet
- 获取文件名称
- 使用字节输入流加载文件进内存
- 指定response的响应头：content-disposition:attachment;filename=xxx
- 将数据写出到response输出流
  download.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="/day15_war_exploded/img/1.jpg">图片1</a>
<a href="/day15_war_exploded/img/shipin.avi">视频1</a>
<hr/>
<a href="/day15_war_exploded/downloadServletDemo?filename=1.jpg">图片1</a>
<a href="/day15_war_exploded/downloadServletDemo?filename=shipin.avi">视频1</a>
</body>
</html>

DowndloadServletDemo.java

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/downloadServletDemo")
public class DownloadServletDemo extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.获取请求参数，文件名称
        String filename = request.getParameter("filename");
        //2.使用字节输入流加载文件进内存
        //2.1找到文件服务器路径
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String realPath = servletContext.getRealPath("/img/" + filename);
        //2.2用字节流关联
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //3.设置response的响应头
        //3.1设置响应头类型：content-type
        String mimeType = servletContext.getMimeType(filename);//获取文件的mime类型
        response.setHeader("content-type", mimeType);
        //3.2设置响应头打开方式:content-disposition
        response.setHeader("content-disposition", "attachment;filename=" + filename);
        //4.将输入流的数据写出到输出流中
        ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream();
        byte[] buff = new byte[1024 * 8];
        int len = 0;
        while((len = fis.read(buff)) != -1){
                sos.write(buff, 0, len);
        }
        fis.close();
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

(4)问题：中文文件问题

解决思路
- 获取客户端使用的浏览器版本信息
- 根据不同的版本信息，设置filename的编码方式不同

在这里插入图片描述

DownLoadUtils.java

package com.weeks.web.utils;

import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;


public class DownLoadUtils {

    public static String getFileName(String agent, String filename) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (agent.contains("MSIE")) {
            // IE浏览器
            filename = URLEncoder.encode(filename, "utf-8");
            filename = filename.replace("+", " ");
        } else if (agent.contains("Firefox")) {
            // 火狐浏览器
            BASE64Encoder base64Encoder = new BASE64Encoder();
            filename = "=?utf-8?B?" + base64Encoder.encode(filename.getBytes("utf-8")) + "?=";
        } else {
            // 其它浏览器
            filename = URLEncoder.encode(filename, "utf-8");
        }
        return filename;
    }
}

DownloadServletDemo.java

package com.weeks.web.servletcontext;

import com.weeks.web.utils.DownLoadUtils;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;


@WebServlet("/downloadServletDemo")
public class DownloadServletDemo extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.获取请求参数，文件名称
        String filename = request.getParameter("filename");
        //2.使用字节输入流加载文件进内存
        //2.1找到文件服务器路径
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String realPath = servletContext.getRealPath("/img/" + filename);
        //2.2用字节流关联
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //3.设置response的响应头
        //3.1设置响应头类型：content-type
        String mimeType = servletContext.getMimeType(filename);//获取文件的mime类型
        response.setHeader("content-type", mimeType);
        //解决中文文件名问题
        //1.获取user-agent请求头
        String agent = request.getHeader("user-agent");
        //2.使用工具类方法编码文件名即可
        filename = DownLoadUtils.getFileName(agent, filename);

        //3.2设置响应头打开方式:content-disposition
        response.setHeader("content-disposition", "attachment;filename=" + filename);
        //4.将输入流的数据写出到输出流中
        ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream();
        byte[] buff = new byte[1024 * 8];
        int len = 0;
        while((len = fis.read(buff)) != -1){
                sos.write(buff, 0, len);
        }
        fis.close();
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}