sql必知必会mysql_读书笔记--SQL必知必会--常用MySQL（MariaDB）命令及示例

DBMS信息

显示DBMS的版本

select version();

显示DBMS状态

status;

显示DBMS资源状态

show status;

显示DBMS支持的权限

show privileges;

查看DBMS用户的权限

show grants for user_name;

DBMS变量

显示DBMS的变量名称及值

show variables;

显示DBMS的使用端口

show variables like 'port';

显示DBMS的编码

show variables like 'character%';

显示DBMS的数据文件存放路径

show variables like '%datadir%';

显示DBMS的的最大连接数

show variables like '%max_connections%';

数据库

显示DBMS的所有数据库；

show databases;

创建数据库

create database db_name；

删除数据库

drop database db_name；

选择数据库

use db_name;

显示当前使用的数据库

select database();

显示当前登录的用户名称

select user();

显示当前数据库支持及默认的存储引擎

show engines;

显示当前数据库的触发器信息

show triggers;

数据库表

显示当前数据库的表信息

show tables;

创建数据库表

create table table_name；

删除数据库表

drop table table_name；

显示当前数据库的表状态

show table status;

显示表结构信息

describe table_name; 或 desc table_name; 或 show columns from able_name;

显示表中的所有记录

select * from table_name；

查看状态

show table status;

show procedure status;

show function status;

查看创建属性

show create procedure procedure_name;

show create function function_name;

show create view view_name;

show create table table_name;

异常信息反馈

查看上一条执行语句的异常信息反馈(错误、提醒和警告)

show errors;

show warnings;

示例-1

1-1 创建数据库

[root@CentOS-7 ~]# mysql -u root -p

Enter password:

Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MariaDB connection id is 9

Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> create database sample;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sample |

| test |

+--------------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use sample;

Database changed

MariaDB [sample]> show tables;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [sample]>

1-2 创建表

Students表包含学号、姓名、年龄： Students(StudentID,StudentName,StudentAage)

Classes表包含课程编号、课程名称：Classes(ClassID,ClassName)

Grade表包含学号、所选的课程编号、成绩：StuentsClasses(StudentID,ClassID,Score)

CREATE TABLE Students

(

StudentID char(10) NOT NULL ,

StudentName char(50) NOT NULL ,

StudentAge int NULL

);

CREATE TABLE Classes

(

ClassID char(10) NOT NULL ,

ClassName char(50) NOT NULL

);

CREATE TABLE Grades

(

StudentID char(10) NOT NULL ,

ClassName char(10) NOT NULL ,

Score char(50) NOT NULL

);

1-3 插入数据

INSERT INTO Students(StudentID, StudentName, StudentAge) VALUES('st1', 'aaa', 11);

INSERT INTO Students(StudentID, StudentName, StudentAge) VALUES('st2', 'bbb', 22);

INSERT INTO Students(StudentID, StudentName, StudentAge) VALUES('st3', 'ccc', 33);

INSERT INTO Classes(ClassID, ClassName)

SELECT '001', 'Java' UNION ALL

SELECT '002', 'Python' UNION ALL

SELECT '003', 'Linux' ;

INSERT INTO Grades(StudentID, ClassName, Score)

SELECT 'st1', 'Java', '85' UNION ALL

SELECT 'st2', 'Java', '92' UNION ALL

SELECT 'st3', 'Java', '96' ;

INSERT INTO Grades(StudentID, ClassName, Score)

SELECT 'st1', 'Python', '88' UNION ALL

SELECT 'st2', 'Python', '81' UNION ALL

SELECT 'st3', 'Python', '97' ;

INSERT INTO Grades(StudentID, ClassName, Score)

SELECT 'st1', 'Linux', 'Unkown' UNION ALL

SELECT 'st3', 'Linux', 'Unkown' ;

1-4 查询数据

查询学生表格的结构和所有数据

desc Students;

select * from Students;

查询选修课程的学生人数

select count(distinct StudentID) from Grades;

查询年龄大于20的学生ID和姓名

select StudentName,StudentAge from Students where StudentAge > 20;

查询选修Linux课程的学生ID和姓名

select StudentID, StudentName from Students where StudentID in (select StudentID from Grades where ClassName='Linux');

查询不选修Linux课程的学生ID和姓名

select StudentID, StudentName from Students where StudentID not in (select StudentID from Grades where ClassName='Linux');

查询选修2门课程的学生ID和姓名

select StudentID, StudentName from Students where StudentID in (select StudentID from Grades group by StudentID having count(distinct ClassName)=2);

1-5 更改数据

将学生ID为st1的Python课程成绩修改为99

Update Grades set Score='99' where StudentID='st1'；

在Classes表格增加Effort列

alter table Classes add Effort Char(12);

在Classes表格删除Effort列

alter table Classes drop column Effort;

1-6 删除数据

删除表中的数据

delete from Grades where StudentID='st2' and ClassName='Python';

删除表

drop tables Grades;

删除数据库

drop database sample;

不登陆MySQL界面，删除数据库

[root@CentOS-7 ~]# mysqladmin -u root -p drop sample

Enter password:

Dropping the database is potentially a very bad thing to do.

Any data stored in the database will be destroyed.

Do you really want to drop the 'sample' database [y/N] y

Database "sample" dropped

[root@CentOS-7 ~]#

示例-2

表Story中包含货物种类(list)A和B的库存总量(StoryCount)分别为997和1234；

表Sale中货物种类(list)A有2次出库数量(SaleNumber)记录分别为105和213；

表Sale中货物种类(list)B有3次出库数量(SaleNumber)记录分别为116、211和303；

建立数据表并用一条SQL语句求出货物A,B各剩下多少?

2-1 创建数据表

创建数据表Story结构并添加数据

CREATE TABLE Story(list VARCHAR(10), StoryCount INT);

INSERT INTO Story(list, StoryCount)

SELECT 'A','997' UNION ALL

SELECT 'B','1234' ;

创建数据表Sale结构并添加数据

CREATE TABLE Sale(list VARCHAR(10), SaleNumber INT);

INSERT INTO Sale(list, SaleNumber)

SELECT 'A','105' UNION ALL

SELECT 'A','213' UNION ALL

SELECT 'B','116' UNION ALL

SELECT 'B','221' UNION ALL

SELECT 'B','303' ;

查询表结构和所有数据

desc Story;

select * from Story;

desc Sale;

select * from Sale;

2-2 计算货物的剩余数量

MariaDB [demo]> select list, StoryCount from Story;

+------+------------+

| list | StoryCount |

+------+------------+

| A | 997 |

| B | 1234 |

+------+------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [demo]> select list, sum(SaleNumber)SaleCount from Sale group by list;

+------+-----------+

| list | SaleCount |

+------+-----------+

| A | 318 |

| B | 640 |

+------+-----------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [demo]> select Story.list, Story.StoryCount - sum(Sale.SaleNumber) from Story, Sale where Story.list=Sale.list group by list;

+------+-----------------------------------------+

| list | Story.StoryCount - sum(Sale.SaleNumber) |

+------+-----------------------------------------+

| A | 679 |

| B | 594 |

+------+-----------------------------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [demo]>

2-3 删除数据表

DROP TABLE Story;

DROP TABLE Sale;

参考信息