python collections_自学Python2.7-collections系列

Python collections系列

Python拥有一些内置的数据类型，比如str, int, list, tuple, dict等， collections模块在这些内置数据类型的基础上，提供了几个额外的数据类型：

1.Counter: 计数器，主要用来计数

2.OrderedDict: 有序字典

3.defaultdict: 带有默认值的字典

4.namedtuple(): 可命名元组，生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的tuple子类

5.deque: 双端队列，可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象

一、Counter: 计数器

Counter是对字典类型的补充，用于追踪值的出现次数。   ps：具备字典的所有功能 + 自己的功能

########################################################################### Counter########################################################################

classCounter(dict):'''Dict subclass for counting hashable items. Sometimes called a bag

or multiset. Elements are stored as dictionary keys and their counts

are stored as dictionary values.

>>> c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba') # count elements from a string

>>> c.most_common(3) # three most common elements

[('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]

>>> sorted(c) # list all unique elements

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> ''.join(sorted(c.elements())) # list elements with repetitions

'aaaaabbbbcccdde'

>>> sum(c.values()) # total of all counts

>>> c['a'] # count of letter 'a'

>>> for elem in 'shazam': # update counts from an iterable

... c[elem] += 1 # by adding 1 to each element's count

>>> c['a'] # now there are seven 'a'

>>> del c['b'] # remove all 'b'

>>> c['b'] # now there are zero 'b'

>>> d = Counter('simsalabim') # make another counter

>>> c.update(d) # add in the second counter

>>> c['a'] # now there are nine 'a'

>>> c.clear() # empty the counter

>>> c

Counter()

Note: If a count is set to zero or reduced to zero, it will remain

in the counter until the entry is deleted or the counter is cleared:

>>> c = Counter('aaabbc')

>>> c['b'] -= 2 # reduce the count of 'b' by two

>>> c.most_common() # 'b' is still in, but its count is zero

[('a', 3), ('c', 1), ('b', 0)]'''

#References:

#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

#http://www.gnu.org/software/smalltalk/manual-base/html_node/Bag.html

#http://www.demo2s.com/Tutorial/Cpp/0380__set-multiset/Catalog0380__set-multiset.htm

#http://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/

#Knuth, TAOCP Vol. II section 4.6.3

def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwds):'''Create a new, empty Counter object. And if given, count elements

from an input iterable. Or, initialize the count from another mapping

of elements to their counts.

>>> c = Counter() # a new, empty counter

>>> c = Counter('gallahad') # a new counter from an iterable

>>> c = Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 2}) # a new counter from a mapping

>>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2) # a new counter from keyword args'''super(Counter, self).__init__()

self.update(iterable,**kwds)def __missing__(self, key):"""对于不存在的元素，返回计数器为0"""

'The count of elements not in the Counter is zero.'

#Needed so that self[missing_item] does not raise KeyError

return0def most_common(self, n=None):"""数量从大到写排列，获取前N个元素"""

'''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most

common to the least. If n is None, then list all element counts.

>>> Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba').most_common(3)

[('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]'''

#Emulate Bag.sortedByCount from Smalltalk

if n isNone:return sorted(self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1), reverse=True)return _heapq.nlargest(n, self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1))defelements(self):"""计数器中的所有元素，注：此处非所有元素集合，而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器"""

'''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.

>>> c = Counter('ABCABC')

>>> sorted(c.elements())

['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']

# Knuth's example for prime factors of 1836: 2**2 * 3**3 * 17**1

>>> prime_factors = Counter({2: 2, 3: 3, 17: 1})

>>> product = 1

>>> for factor in prime_factors.elements(): # loop over factors

... product *= factor # and multiply them

>>> product

Note, if an element's count has been set to zero or is a negative

number, elements() will ignore it.'''

#Emulate Bag.do from Smalltalk and Multiset.begin from C++.

return_chain.from_iterable(_starmap(_repeat, self.iteritems()))#Override dict methods where necessary

@classmethoddef fromkeys(cls, iterable, v=None):#There is no equivalent method for counters because setting v=1

#means that no element can have a count greater than one.

raiseNotImplementedError('Counter.fromkeys() is undefined. Use Counter(iterable) instead.')def update(self, iterable=None, **kwds):"""更新计数器，其实就是增加；如果原来没有，则新建，如果有则加一"""

'''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.

Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

>>> c = Counter('which')

>>> c.update('witch') # add elements from another iterable

>>> d = Counter('watch')

>>> c.update(d) # add elements from another counter

>>> c['h'] # four 'h' in which, witch, and watch'''

#The regular dict.update() operation makes no sense here because the

#replace behavior results in the some of original untouched counts

#being mixed-in with all of the other counts for a mismash that

#doesn't have a straight-forward interpretation in most counting

#contexts. Instead, we implement straight-addition. Both the inputs

#and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

if iterable is notNone:ifisinstance(iterable, Mapping):ifself:

self_get=self.getfor elem, count initerable.iteritems():

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) +countelse:

super(Counter, self).update(iterable)#fast path when counter is empty

else:

self_get=self.getfor elem initerable:

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) + 1

ifkwds:

self.update(kwds)def subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds):"""相减，原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量"""

'''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them.

Counts can be reduced below zero. Both the inputs and outputs are

allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

>>> c = Counter('which')

>>> c.subtract('witch') # subtract elements from another iterable

>>> c.subtract(Counter('watch')) # subtract elements from another counter

>>> c['h'] # 2 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

>>> c['w'] # 1 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

-1'''

if iterable is notNone:

self_get=self.getifisinstance(iterable, Mapping):for elem, count initerable.items():

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) -countelse:for elem initerable:

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) - 1

ifkwds:

self.subtract(kwds)defcopy(self):"""拷贝"""

'Return a shallow copy.'

return self.__class__(self)def __reduce__(self):"""返回一个元组(类型，元组)"""

return self.__class__, (dict(self),)def __delitem__(self, elem):"""删除元素"""

'Like dict.__delitem__() but does not raise KeyError for missing values.'

if elem inself:

super(Counter, self).__delitem__(elem)def __repr__(self):if notself:return '%s()' % self.__class__.__name__items= ','.join(map('%r: %r'.__mod__, self.most_common()))return '%s({%s})' % (self.__class__.__name__, items)#Multiset-style mathematical operations discussed in:

#Knuth TAOCP Volume II section 4.6.3 exercise 19

#and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

# #Outputs guaranteed to only include positive counts.

# #To strip negative and zero counts, add-in an empty counter:

#c += Counter()

def __add__(self, other):'''Add counts from two counters.

>>> Counter('abbb') + Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 4, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

newcount= count +other[elem]if newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count >0:

result[elem]=countreturnresultdef __sub__(self, other):'''Subtract count, but keep only results with positive counts.

>>> Counter('abbbc') - Counter('bccd')

Counter({'b': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

newcount= count -other[elem]if newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count <0:

result[elem]= 0 -countreturnresultdef __or__(self, other):'''Union is the maximum of value in either of the input counters.

>>> Counter('abbb') | Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

other_count=other[elem]

newcount= other_count if count < other_count elsecountif newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count >0:

result[elem]=countreturnresultdef __and__(self, other):'''Intersection is the minimum of corresponding counts.

>>> Counter('abbb') & Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

other_count=other[elem]

newcount= count if count < other_count elseother_countif newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountreturnresult

Counter

Counter源码

import collections # 先导入模块才能使用Conuter

c=collections.Counter('afafaefaefaefaesfefaseg') # 记住Counter C大写

print(c)

输出

Counter({'a': 7, 'f': 7, 'e': 6, 's': 2, 'g': 1})     #将输入的字符以字典的形式显示出来(但不是字典，前面有个Counter)，展现出每个字符出现的次数

1、  most_common(self, n=None) 数量从大到写排列，获取前N个元素

import collections

c=collections.Counter('afafaefaefaefaesfefaseg')

c1=c.most_common(2)

print(c)

print(c1)

输出

Counter({'a': 7, 'f': 7, 'e': 6, 's': 2, 'g': 1})

[('a', 7), ('f', 7)]

2、elements(self)计数器中的所有元素，注：此处非所有元素集合，而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器

import collections

c=collections.Counter('afafaefaefaefaesfefaseg')

c1=c.elements()

print(c)

print(c1)

输出

Counter({'a': 7, 'f': 7, 'e': 6, 's': 2, 'g': 1})

import collections

c=collections.Counter('afafaefaefaefaesfefaseg')

for k,v in c.items():

print(k,v)

输出

a 7

f 7

e 6

s 2

g 1

3、update(self, iterable=None, **kwds) 更新计数器，其实就是增加；如果原来没有，则新建，如果有则加1

import collections

c=collections.Counter(['11','22','33','78','11'])

print(c)

c.update(['22','11','calos'])

print(c)

输出

Counter({'11': 2, '22': 1, '33': 1, '78': 1})

Counter({'11': 3, '22': 2, '33': 1, '78': 1, 'calos': 1})

4、subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds) 相减，原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量

import collections

c=collections.Counter(['11','22','33','78','11'])

print(c)

c.subtract(['22','11','calos'])

print(c)

输出

Counter({'11': 2, '22': 1, '33': 1, '78': 1})

Counter({'11': 1, '33': 1, '78': 1, '22': 0, 'calos': -1})

二、OrderedDict: 有序字典

在Python中，dict这个数据结构由于hash的特性，是无序的，这在有的时候会给我们带来一些麻烦， 幸运的是，collections模块为我们提供了OrderedDict，当你要获得一个有序的字典对象时，用它就对了。

classOrderedDict(dict):'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'

#An inherited dict maps keys to values.

#The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.

#The remaining methods are order-aware.

#Big-O running times for all methods are the same as regular dictionaries.

#The internal self.__map dict maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.

#The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.

#The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).

#The sentinel is in self.__hardroot with a weakref proxy in self.__root.

#The prev links are weakref proxies (to prevent circular references).

#Individual links are kept alive by the hard reference in self.__map.

#Those hard references disappear when a key is deleted from an OrderedDict.

def __init__(*args, **kwds):'''Initialize an ordered dictionary. The signature is the same as

regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended because

their insertion order is arbitrary.'''

if notargs:raise TypeError("descriptor '__init__' of 'OrderedDict' object"

"needs an argument")

self,*args =argsif len(args) > 1:raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' %len(args))try:

self.__root

exceptAttributeError:

self.__hardroot =_Link()

self.__root = root = _proxy(self.__hardroot)

root.prev= root.next =root

self.__map ={}

self.__update(*args, **kwds)def __setitem__(self, key, value,

dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__, proxy=_proxy, Link=_Link):'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'

#Setting a new item creates a new link at the end of the linked list,

#and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.

if key not inself:

self.__map[key] = link =Link()

root= self.__rootlast=root.prev

link.prev, link.next, link.key=last, root, key

last.next=link

root.prev=proxy(link)

dict_setitem(self, key, value)def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'

#Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which gets

#removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.

dict_delitem(self, key)

link= self.__map.pop(key)

link_prev=link.prev

link_next=link.next

link_prev.next=link_next

link_next.prev=link_prev

link.prev=None

link.next=Nonedef __iter__(self):'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'

#Traverse the linked list in order.

root = self.__rootcurr=root.nextwhile curr is notroot:yieldcurr.key

curr=curr.nextdef __reversed__(self):'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'

#Traverse the linked list in reverse order.

root = self.__rootcurr=root.prevwhile curr is notroot:yieldcurr.key

curr=curr.prevdefclear(self):'od.clear() -> None. Remove all items from od.'root= self.__rootroot.prev= root.next =root

self.__map.clear()

dict.clear(self)def popitem(self, last=True):'''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.

Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.'''

if notself:raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')

root= self.__root

iflast:

link=root.prev

link_prev=link.prev

link_prev.next=root

root.prev=link_prevelse:

link=root.next

link_next=link.next

root.next=link_next

link_next.prev=root

key=link.keydel self.__map[key]

value=dict.pop(self, key)returnkey, valuedef move_to_end(self, key, last=True):'''Move an existing element to the end (or beginning if last==False).

Raises KeyError if the element does not exist.

When last=True, acts like a fast version of self[key]=self.pop(key).'''link= self.__map[key]

link_prev=link.prev

link_next=link.next

soft_link=link_next.prev

link_prev.next=link_next

link_next.prev=link_prev

root= self.__root

iflast:

last=root.prev

link.prev=last

link.next=root

root.prev=soft_link

last.next=linkelse:

first=root.next

link.prev=root

link.next=first

first.prev=soft_link

root.next=linkdef __sizeof__(self):

sizeof=_sys.getsizeof

n= len(self) + 1 #number of links including root

size = sizeof(self.__dict__) #instance dictionary

size += sizeof(self.__map) * 2 #internal dict and inherited dict

size += sizeof(self.__hardroot) * n #link objects

size += sizeof(self.__root) * n #proxy objects

returnsize

update= __update =MutableMapping.updatedefkeys(self):"D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys"

return_OrderedDictKeysView(self)defitems(self):"D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items"

return_OrderedDictItemsView(self)defvalues(self):"D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values"

return_OrderedDictValuesView(self)__ne__ = MutableMapping.__ne__

__marker =object()def pop(self, key, default=__marker):'''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding

value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError

is raised.'''

if key inself:

result=self[key]delself[key]returnresultif default is self.__marker:raiseKeyError(key)returndefaultdef setdefault(self, key, default=None):'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'

if key inself:returnself[key]

self[key]=defaultreturndefault

@_recursive_repr()def __repr__(self):'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'

if notself:return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, list(self.items()))def __reduce__(self):'Return state information for pickling'inst_dict=vars(self).copy()for k invars(OrderedDict()):

inst_dict.pop(k, None)return self.__class__, (), inst_dict orNone, None, iter(self.items())defcopy(self):'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'

return self.__class__(self)

@classmethoddef fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):'''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S.

If not specified, the value defaults to None.'''self=cls()for key initerable:

self[key]=valuereturnselfdef __eq__(self, other):'''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y. Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive

while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.'''

ifisinstance(other, OrderedDict):return dict.__eq__(self, other) andall(map(_eq, self, other))return dict.__eq__(self, other)try:from _collections importOrderedDictexceptImportError:#Leave the pure Python version in place.

pass

OrderedDict源码

import collections

c=collections.OrderedDict() #输出字典定是有序的

c['k1']='v1'

c['k2']='v2'

c['k3']='v3'

print(c)

输出

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

import collections

c=dict() # 生成字典是无序的

c['k1']='v1'

c['k2']='v2'

c['k3']='v3'

print(c)

输出

{'k3': 'v3', 'k2': 'v2', 'k1': 'v1'}

有序字典里面的方法和字典里面的方法大致一样(有序字典里面所有的操作都是按顺序取或删除)。

1. move_to_end(self, key, last=True) 将指定的key 移动至最后

import collections

c=collections.OrderedDict()

c['k1']='v1'

c['k2']='v2'

c['k3']='v3'

print(c)

c.move_to_end('k2')

print(c)

输出

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k3', 'v3'), ('k2', 'v2')])

2. popitem(self, last=True)   从最后一个元素中取值，后进先出      ‘栈’

import collections

c=collections.OrderedDict()

c['k1']='v1'

c['k2']='v2'

c['k3']='v3'

print(c)

result=c.popitem()

print(c)

print(result)

输出

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2')])

('k3', 'v3')

pop(self, key, default=__marker)  指定取哪一个，并有返回值values

import collections

c=collections.OrderedDict()

c['k1']='v1'

c['k2']='v2'

c['k3']='v3'

print(c)

result=c.pop('k2')

print(c)

print(result)

输出

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

OrderedDict([('k1', 'v1'), ('k3', 'v3')])

v2

三、默认字典(defaultdict)

即为字典中的values设置一个默认类型：defaultdict的参数默认是dict，也可为list，tuple

classdefaultdict(dict):"""defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory

The default factory is called without arguments to produce

a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.

A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.

All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were

passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments."""

def copy(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D."""

pass

def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D."""

pass

def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return getattr(self, name)."""

pass

def __init__(self, default_factory=None, **kwargs): #known case of _collections.defaultdict.__init__

"""defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory

The default factory is called without arguments to produce

a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.

A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.

All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were

passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.

# (copied from class doc)"""

pass

def __missing__(self, key): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""__missing__(key) # Called by __getitem__ for missing key; pseudo-code:

if self.default_factory is None: raise KeyError((key,))

self[key] = value = self.default_factory()

return value"""

pass

def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return state information for pickling."""

pass

def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return repr(self)."""

passdefault_factory= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default

"""Factory for default value called by __missing__()."""

defaultdict源码

原始字典如果value没有值的时候，append是无法使用的，因为append是list的方法，所以定义字典为列表就可以了，如下

dic={'k1':[]}

dic['k1'].append('carlos')

print(dic)

输出

{'k1': ['carlos']}

使用defaultdict直接设置一个默认类型，可以直接使用append

import collections

dic=collections.defaultdict(list)

dic['k1'].append('carlos')

print(dic)

输出

defaultdict(, {'k1': ['carlos']})

举例：“11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90”  将以上大于66的放进一个集合，小于66放进一个集合

①原实现办法

values = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90]

mydic = {}

for value in values:

if value > 66:

if 'k1' in mydic: #python2.7中有个.has_key的方法。在3.0以后版本中被废除，用in来替代。python2.7用法：if my_dict.has_key('k1')

mydic['k1'].append(value)

else:

mydic['k1'] = [value]

else:

if 'k2' in mydic:

mydic['k2'].append(value)

else:

mydic['k2'] = [value]

print(mydic)

输出

{'k2': [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66], 'k1': [77, 88, 99, 90]}

②使用defaultdict实现办法，精简语句

from collections import defaultdict

values = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90]

mydict = defaultdict(list)

for value in values:# v始终都是my_dict中的values,而defaultdict(list)后我们对于keys的指定对比上例就方便很多。不用再做一层if判断了。

if value > 66:

mydict['k1'].append(value)

else:

mydict['k2'].append(value)

print(mydict)

输出

defaultdict(, {'k2': [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66], 'k1': [77, 88, 99, 90]})

四、namedtuple(): 可命名元组

namedtuple主要用来产生可以使用名称来访问元素的数据对象，通常用来增强代码的可读性， 在访问一些tuple类型的数据时尤其好用。

元组访问只能通过索引去访问

命名访问可以通过名字去访问

使用collections模块中的namedtuple方法可以给每个元素起别名，通过名称调用的方式来获取值使用。而普通元组的方法必须通过下标的方式来取值。

创建一个自己的可扩展tuple的类(包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型)，在根据类创建对象，然后调用对象最长用于坐标，普通的元组类似于列表以index编号来访问，而自定义可扩展的可以类似于字典的keys进行访问。

import collections

mytuple=collections.namedtuple('mytuple',['x','y','z']) #创建类

a=mytuple(3,8,9) #创建对象，赋值给变量a

print(a) # 赋值x=3, y=8, z=9

输出mytuple(x=3, y=8, z=9)

mytuple=(3,8,9)

print(mytuple)

print(mytuple[0],mytuple[1],mytuple[2])

输出

(3, 8, 9)

3 8 9

查看一下这个类的方法 print(help(mytuple))

Help on tuple object:classtuple(object)| tuple() ->empty tuple| tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

|

| If the argument is a tuple, the return value isthe same object.|

|Methods defined here:|

| __add__(self, value, /)| Return self+value.|

| __contains__(self, key, /)| Return key inself.|

| __eq__(self, value, /)| Return self==value.|

| __ge__(self, value, /)| Return self>=value.|

| __getattribute__(self, name, /)|Return getattr(self, name).|

| __getitem__(self, key, /)|Return self[key].|

| __getnewargs__(...)|

| __gt__(self, value, /)| Return self>value.|

| __hash__(self, /)|Return hash(self).|

| __iter__(self, /)|Implement iter(self).|

| __le__(self, value, /)| Return self<=value.|

| __len__(self, /)|Return len(self).|

| __lt__(self, value, /)| Return self

| __mul__(self, value, /)| Return self*value.n|

| __ne__(self, value, /)| Return self!=value.|

| __new__(*args, **kwargs) frombuiltins.type| Create and return a new object. See help(type) foraccurate signature.|

| __repr__(self, /)|Return repr(self).|

| __rmul__(self, value, /)| Return self*value.|

|count(...)| T.count(value) -> integer -- returnnumber of occurrences of value|

|index(...)| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- returnfirst index of value.| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

mytuple源码

举例子：

from collections import namedtuple # 通过from import的方式直接调用collections模块中namedtuple这个方法。而import collections是导入这个模块中所有的方法。这种调用在使用时必须collections.namedtuple的方式来使用。

websites = [

('Sohu', 'http://www.google.com/', u'liupeng'),

('Sina', 'http://www.sina.com.cn/', u'tony'),

('163', 'http://www.163.com/', u'jack')] # 假设我们有一个列表，列表中有三个元组，每个元组中的元素都是不同格式的字符串

Website = namedtuple('Website_list', ['name', 'url','founder']) # 通过调用namedtuple，来设置一个列表'Website_list'是这个列表的别名.而['name','url','founder']的命名是分别为了分配给大列表websites中哥哥元组中的各个元素的。

for i in websites: # for循环websites这个大列表，这里的i循环得出的结果是这个大列表中每个元组

x = Website._make(i)# 从已经存在迭代对象或者序列生成一个新的命名元组。 Website是namedtuple('Website_list', ['name', 'url', 'founder'])的内容，._make(i)是websites各个元组的内容，把这两个元组重组成新的元组。

print(x) # x打印结果如下，生成了新的命名元组。是使用了namedtuple中._make的方法生成的。

输出

Website_list(name='Sohu', url='http://www.google.com/', founder='liupeng')

Website_list(name='Sina', url='http://www.sina.com.cn/', founder='tony')

Website_list(name='163', url='http://www.163.com/', founder='jack')

五、deque

deque其实是 double-ended queue 的缩写，翻译过来就是双端队列/双向队列。

队列分两种：

1、单向队列(先进先出)

import queue

queue.Queue

classQueue:'''Create a queue object with a given maximum size.

If maxsize is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.'''

def __init__(self, maxsize=0):

self.maxsize=maxsize

self._init(maxsize)#mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating. All methods

#that acquire mutex must release it before returning. mutex

#is shared between the three conditions, so acquiring and

#releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.

self.mutex =threading.Lock()#Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a

#thread waiting to get is notified then.

self.not_empty =threading.Condition(self.mutex)#Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;

#a thread waiting to put is notified then.

self.not_full =threading.Condition(self.mutex)#Notify all_tasks_done whenever the number of unfinished tasks

#drops to zero; thread waiting to join() is notified to resume

self.all_tasks_done =threading.Condition(self.mutex)

self.unfinished_tasks=0deftask_done(self):'''Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete.

Used by Queue consumer threads. For each get() used to fetch a task,

a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing

on the task is complete.

If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items

have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received

for every item that had been put() into the queue).

Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items

placed in the queue.'''with self.all_tasks_done:

unfinished= self.unfinished_tasks - 1

if unfinished <=0:if unfinished <0:raise ValueError('task_done() called too many times')

self.all_tasks_done.notify_all()

self.unfinished_tasks=unfinisheddefjoin(self):'''Blocks until all items in the Queue have been gotten and processed.

The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the

queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer thread calls task_done()

to indicate the item was retrieved and all work on it is complete.

When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks.'''with self.all_tasks_done:whileself.unfinished_tasks:

self.all_tasks_done.wait()defqsize(self):'''Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!).'''with self.mutex:returnself._qsize()defempty(self):'''Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not reliable!).

This method is likely to be removed at some point. Use qsize() == 0

as a direct substitute, but be aware that either approach risks a race

condition where a queue can grow before the result of empty() or

qsize() can be used.

To create code that needs to wait for all queued tasks to be

completed, the preferred technique is to use the join() method.'''with self.mutex:return notself._qsize()deffull(self):'''Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not reliable!).

This method is likely to be removed at some point. Use qsize() >= n

as a direct substitute, but be aware that either approach risks a race

condition where a queue can shrink before the result of full() or

qsize() can be used.'''with self.mutex:return 0 < self.maxsize <=self._qsize()def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):'''Put an item into the queue.

If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),

block if necessary until a free slot is available. If 'timeout' is

a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises

the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time.

Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot

is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout'

is ignored in that case).'''with self.not_full:if self.maxsize >0:if notblock:if self._qsize() >=self.maxsize:raiseFullelif timeout isNone:while self._qsize() >=self.maxsize:

self.not_full.wait()elif timeout <0:raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")else:

endtime= time() +timeoutwhile self._qsize() >=self.maxsize:

remaining= endtime -time()if remaining <= 0.0:raiseFull

self.not_full.wait(remaining)

self._put(item)

self.unfinished_tasks+= 1self.not_empty.notify()def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):'''Remove and return an item from the queue.

If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),

block if necessary until an item is available. If 'timeout' is

a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises

the Empty exception if no item was available within that time.

Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately

available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored

in that case).'''with self.not_empty:if notblock:if notself._qsize():raiseEmptyelif timeout isNone:while notself._qsize():

self.not_empty.wait()elif timeout <0:raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")else:

endtime= time() +timeoutwhile notself._qsize():

remaining= endtime -time()if remaining <= 0.0:raiseEmpty

self.not_empty.wait(remaining)

item=self._get()

self.not_full.notify()returnitemdefput_nowait(self, item):'''Put an item into the queue without blocking.

Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.

Otherwise raise the Full exception.'''

return self.put(item, block=False)defget_nowait(self):'''Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.

Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise

raise the Empty exception.'''

return self.get(block=False)#Override these methods to implement other queue organizations

#(e.g. stack or priority queue).

#These will only be called with appropriate locks held

#Initialize the queue representation

def_init(self, maxsize):

self.queue=deque()def_qsize(self):returnlen(self.queue)#Put a new item in the queue

def_put(self, item):

self.queue.append(item)#Get an item from the queue

def_get(self):return self.queue.popleft()

queue.Queue源码

①qsize(self)  队列的个数

②full(self)   队列是否满了

③put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None) 放数

④get(self, block=True, timeout=None)    取数

2、双向队列(随便存取) 在collections中。

classdeque(object):"""deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object

A list-like sequence optimized for data accesses near its endpoints."""

def append(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Add an element to the right side of the deque."""

pass

def appendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Add an element to the left side of the deque."""

pass

def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Remove all elements from the deque."""

pass

def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return a shallow copy of a deque."""

pass

def count(self, value): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value"""

return0def extend(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Extend the right side of the deque with elements from the iterable"""

pass

def extendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Extend the left side of the deque with elements from the iterable"""

pass

def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.

Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""

return0def insert(self, index, p_object): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index"""

pass

def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Remove and return the rightmost element."""

pass

def popleft(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Remove and return the leftmost element."""

pass

def remove(self, value): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value."""

pass

def reverse(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*"""

pass

def rotate(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Rotate the deque n steps to the right (default n=1). If n is negative, rotates left."""

pass

def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self+value."""

pass

def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""self != 0"""

pass

def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return key in self."""

pass

def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return a shallow copy of a deque."""

pass

def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Delete self[key]."""

pass

def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self==value."""

pass

def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return getattr(self, name)."""

pass

def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self[key]."""

pass

def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self>=value."""

pass

def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self>value."""

pass

def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Implement self+=value."""

pass

def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Implement self*=value."""

pass

def __init__(self, iterable=(), maxlen=None): #known case of _collections.deque.__init__

"""deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object

A list-like sequence optimized for data accesses near its endpoints.

# (copied from class doc)"""

pass

def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Implement iter(self)."""

pass

def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return len(self)."""

pass

def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self<=value."""

pass

def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self

pass

def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self*value.n"""

pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__

def __new__(*args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature."""

pass

def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self!=value."""

pass

def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return state information for pickling."""

pass

def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return repr(self)."""

pass

def __reversed__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the deque"""

pass

def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Return self*value."""

pass

def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown

"""Set self[key] to value."""

pass

def __sizeof__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""D.__sizeof__() -- size of D in memory, in bytes"""

passmaxlen= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default

"""maximum size of a deque or None if unbounded"""

__hash__ = None

deque源码

①append(self, *args, **kwargs)

②appendleft(self, *args, **kwargs)

③extend(self, *args, **kwargs) 多个元素一起添加(从右侧)

④extendleft(self, *args, **kwargs)   多个元素一起添加(从左侧)

from collections import deque

d=deque(['aaaa','ddddd','eeee'])

print(d)

d.extend(['111','222','333'])

print(d)

d.extendleft(['444','555'])

print(d)

输出

deque(['aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee'])

deque(['aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222', '333'])

deque(['555', '444', 'aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222', '333'])

⑤pop(self, *args, **kwargs) 取元素

⑥popleft(self, *args, **kwargs)

⑦rotate(self, *args, **kwargs)  首尾连接，向左/向右移动元素

from collections import deque

d=deque(['555', '444', 'aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222', '333'])

print(d)

d.rotate(1)

print(d)

d.rotate(-1)

print(d)

输出

deque(['555', '444', 'aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222', '333'])

deque(['333', '555', '444', 'aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222'])

deque(['555', '444', 'aaaa', 'ddddd', 'eeee', '111', '222', '333'])