linux面试深度,【Linux逻辑面试题】面试问题：深度解析Lin… - 看准网

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-08 00:15:00 发布

林落年

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-08 00:15:00 发布

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文章标签： linux面试深度

1.本地储存设备的识别

fdisk -l ##真实存在的设备

cat /proc/partitions ##系统识别的设备

blkid ##系统可使用的设备

df ##查看系统正在挂载的设备

2.设备的挂载和卸载

1)设备名称

/dev/xdx ##dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb1

/dev/sr0 ##光驱

/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备

2)设备的挂载

mount 设备挂载点

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ ##挂载sdb1到/mnt

mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 ##只读挂载

mount ##查看挂载信息

mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda1 ##重新读写挂载(形式1)

mount -o remount,rw /mnt

umount /mnt | /dev/sdb1 ##卸载

3)解决设备正忙情况

当挂载的设备正在占用，卸载时就会弹出设备正忙的提示

解决方法：

##方法一

fuser -kvm /mnt

umount /mnt

##方法二

lsof /mnt

kill -9 id

umount /mnt

3.磁盘分区

硬盘0磁道，1扇区的512个字节中：512=446+64 +2

446: MBR：主引导记录(引导程序：446字节) 最多能划4个主分区

64: MPT:主分区表，大小：64字节

2: 55aa：硬盘的有效性标识

硬盘分区表(64)，1个分区占用16个字节，1块硬盘上最多可以划分4个主分区

主分区：主分区表记录

扩展分区：主分区表记录(不能直接使用)记录磁盘的信息

逻辑分区：不是由主分区表记录的

1)开始分区，查看帮助

[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x47ec6281.

Command (m for help): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition ##删除分区

g create a new empty GPT partition table

G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition ##新建分区

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table ##显示分区信息

q quit without saving changes ## 退出并且不保存分区信息

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id ##修改分区id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit ##保存分区配置信息

x extra functionality (experts only)

2)新建主分区

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)

e extended

Select (default p):

Using default response p

Partition number (3,4, default 3):

First sector (1435648-20971519, default 1435648):

Using default value 1435648

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1435648-20971519, default 20971519): +800M

Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 800 MiB is set

3)新建扩展分区

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e):

Using default response e

Selected partition 4

First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):

Using default value 3074048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519):

Using default value 20971519

Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set

4)新建逻辑分区

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5

First sector (3076096-20971519, default 3076096):

Using default value 3076096

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3076096-20971519, default 20971519): +500M

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): wq ##退出保存，使分区信息配置生效

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

4.安装文件系统

格式化就是安装文件系统的过程

blkid ##查看可以使用的磁盘

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ##格式化/dev/vdb1

mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt ##挂载

2)自动文件系统挂载策略

vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0

#设备挂载点文件系统挂载参数是否备份是否检测

mount -a ##使/etc/fstab文件生效

5.配额管理

配额管理是针对于分区的(并非用户)

[root@server ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /pub/ ##将/dev/vdb5挂载到/pub/下

[root@server ~]# mount ##看当前的挂载情况

proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)

devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=469332k,nr_inodes=117333,mode=755)

securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,size=484920k,nr_inodes=121230)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)

tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,size=484920k,nr_inodes=121230,mode=755)

tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,size=484920k,nr_inodes=121230,mode=755)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)

pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)

configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)

/dev/vda1 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)

selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)

systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)

debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)

mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel)

hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel)

sunrpc on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw,relatime)

##可以看到没有开启配额管理

/dev/vdb5 on /pub type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota) ##

[root@server ~]# umount /pub/ ##卸载/pub/下挂载的/dev/vdb5

[root@server ~]# df ##查看当前的挂载情况

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3213484 7260416 31% /

devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev

tmpfs 484920 80 484840 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 484920 12760 472160 3% /run

tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

[root@server ~]# mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /pub/ ##将/dev/vdb5挂载到/pub/下，并开启用户配额

[root@server ~]# ls -ld /pub/ ##查看/pub的权限

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 21 22:28 /pub/

[root@server ~]# chmod 1777 /pub/

[root@server ~]# ls -ld /pub/

drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Jan 21 22:28 /pub/

[root@server ~]# mount ##查看开启配额管理是否成功