友元函数
一、作用:
为不同类之间的成员函数,以及类的成员函数与一般函数之间提供了数据共享的接口;C++中的友元为封装隐藏这堵不透明的墙开了一个小孔,外界可以通过这个小孔窥视里面的秘密;
二、特点:
1、与类的成员函数具有一样的权限;
2、可以访问类的私有成员;
3、它是定义在类外的普通函数,不属于任何类;
4、没有this指针;
三、用法:
1、友元函数需要在类中进行声明,前面需要加上friend,可以放在公有部分也可以放在私有部分;
2、一个函数可以是多个类的友元函数,只需要在个各类中分别进行声明;
3、友元函数的调用与一般函数的调用方式和原理一致;
友元类
一、作用
友元类中的所有成员函数都是另一个类的友元函数,可以直接访问友元类中的所有成员;
二、特点
1、 友元关系不能被继承;
2、友元关系是单向的,不具有交换性。若类B是类A的友元,类A不一定是类B的友元,要看在类中是否有相应的声明;
3、友元关系不具有传递性。若类B是类A的友元,类C是B的友元,类C不一定是类A的友元,同样要看类中是否有相应的声明;
举例代码
一、普通函数作为友元函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *name,int age,float score);
friend void show(Student *pstu); //将show声明为友元函数
private:
char *m_name;
int m_age;
float m_score;
};
Student::Student(char *name,int age,float score):m_name(name),m_age(age),m_score(score)
{
}
//非成员函数
void show(Student *pstu)
{
cout<<pstu->m_name<<"年龄"<<pstu->m_age<<"成绩"<<pstu->m_score<<endl;
}
int main()
{
Student stu("王强",15,90);
show(&stu); //调用友元函数
Student *pstu=new Student("李刚",11,80);
show(pstu); //调用友元函数
return 0;
}
二、成员函数作为友元函数
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Address; //声明Address类
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *name,int age,float score);
void Show(Address *addr);
private:
char *m_name;
int m_age;
float m_score;
};
class Address
{
private:
char *m_province;
char *m_city;
char *m_district;
public:
Address(char *province,char *city,char *district);
friend void Student::Show(Address *addr);
};
Student::Student(char *name,int age,float score):m_name(name),m_age(age),m_score(score)
{
}
void Student::Show(Address *addr)
{
cout<<m_name<<"年龄"<<m_age<<"成绩"<<m_score<<endl;
cout<<"家庭住址:"<<addr->m_province<<"省"<<addr->m_city<<"市"<<m_district<<"县"<<endl;
}
//实现Address类
Address::Address(char *province, char *city, char *district)
{
m_province = province;
m_city = city;
m_district = district;
}
int main()
{
Studnet stu("李强",16,90);
Address addr("上海","浦东","江南");
stu.Show(&addr);
Student *pstu=new Student("王刚",15,80);
Address *paddr=new Address("浙江","杭州","钱塘");
pstu->Show(paddr);
return 0;
}
三、友元类
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Address; //提前声明Address类
//声明Student类
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *name, int age, float score);
void Show(Address *addr);
private:
char *m_name;
int m_age;
float m_score;
};
//声明Address类
class Address
{
public:
Address(char *province, char *city, char *district);
//将Student类声明为Address类的友元类
friend class Student;
private:
char *m_province; //省份
char *m_city; //城市
char *m_district; //区(市区)
};
//实现Student类
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::Show(Address *addr)
{
cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是 "<<m_age<<",成绩是 "<<m_score<<endl;
cout<<"家庭住址:"<<addr->m_province<<"省"<<addr->m_city<<"市"<<addr->m_district<<"区"<<endl;
}
//实现Address类
Address::Address(char *province, char *city, char *district)
{
m_province = province;
m_city = city;
m_district = district;
}
int main()
{
Studnet stu("李明",16,90);
Address addr("浙江","丽水","松阳");
stu.Show(&addr);
Student *pstu=new Student("张恒",15,80);
Address *paddr=new Address("浙江","丽水","遂昌");
pstu->Show(paddr);
return 0;
}