【雷达与对抗】【2005.05】太阳系冰层的雷达成像

本文为美国斯坦福大学（作者：Leif J. Harcke）的博士论文，共229页。

我们用地球上的雷达望远镜绘制了水星、木星卫星木卫三和木卫四的地图，发现所有天体都具有高、去极化后向散射和偏振反转区域（μc>1）。这两个特征都表明存在水冰或类似的冷性挥发物的体散射。水星在3.5厘米波长的精细（6千米）分辨率的北极和南极区域的合成孔径雷达测绘证实了先前13厘米高纬度火山口底部区域的增强后向散射和偏振反演（0.9≤μC≤1.3）调查的结果，水星的这种近零倾角将导致永久的太阳阴影。

与Mariner 10光学图像的联合配准表明，这种增强的散射不能由简单的双弹跳几何结构引起，因为明亮的反射区域不会出现在雷达回波上，而是出现在阴影区域，不是与雷达观察方向直接对准。采用一个简单的散射模型解释了通过保护风化层的指数衰减，这是一种波长依赖性衰减。热模型要求这一层的存在，以保护在高纬度以外的陨石坑中的冰沉积。根据假设的散射定律指数n，这些实验中的3.5 cm波长数据的附加衰减（系数1.64±15%）支持层厚的多重解释，其范围从0±11到35±15 cm。

我们的3.5 cm波长双基地孔径合成能够观测木星最外层的两颗伽利略卫星，Ganymede和Callisto，解决了先前的南北模糊性，并证实了先前研究中发现的圆盘综合增强后向散射和偏振反演。直接成像技术更清楚地表明，较高的后向散射面积与最近经历过表面重修的地形有关，如苏西盆地和撞击坑盆地。两个卫星的主要半球的去极化回波比其尾随半球略高（20%±5%），这表明在表土中存在额外的波长尺度结构。对现有延迟多普勒技术的两个改进增强了数据压缩能力。首先，与标准的子集相关，重复伪噪声码通过满足范围压缩级输出采样的奈奎斯特准则，减轻了多普勒维数混叠。同样算法在长码数据上的应用，通过傅立叶卷积方法，使轻度覆盖目标的处理时间提高了5倍。其次，频谱加权技术通过均衡延迟和多普勒维度中的杂波来减少长码处理中引入的干扰。

We map the planet Mercury and Jupiter’s moons Ganymede and Callisto using Earth-based radar telescopes and find that all bodies have regions exhibiting high, depolarized radar backscatter and polarization inversion (μc > 1). Both characteristics suggest volume scattering from water ice or similar cold-trapped volatiles. Synthetic aperture radar mapping of Mercury’s north and south polar regions at fine (6 km) resolution at 3.5 cm wavelength corroborates the results of previous 13 cm investigations of enhanced backscatter and polarization inversion (0.9 ≤ μc ≤ 1.3) from areas on the floors of craters at high latitudes, where Mercury’s near-zero obliquity results in permanent Sun shadows. Co-registration with Mariner 10 optical images demonstrates that this enhanced scattering cannot be caused by simple double-bounce geometries, since the bright, reflective regions do not appear on the radar-facing wall but, instead, in shadowed regions not directly aligned with the radar look direction. A simple scattering model accounts for exponential, wavelength-dependent attenuation through a protective regolith layer. Thermal models require the existence of this layer to protect ice deposits in craters at other than high polar latitudes. The additional attenuation (factor 1.64 ± 15%) of the 3.5 cm wavelength data from these experiments over previous 13 cm radar observations supports multiple interpretations of layer thickness, ranging from 0±11 to 35±15 cm, depending on the assumed scattering law exponent n. Our 3.5 cm wavelength bistatic aperture synthesis observations of the two outermost Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Ganymede and Callisto, resolve the previous north-south ambiguity, and confirm the disk-integrated enhanced backscatter and polarization inversion noted in prior investigations. The direct imaging technique more clearly shows that higher backscatter areas are associated with the terrain that has undergone recent resurfacing, such as the sulci and the impact crater basins. The leading hemispheres of both moons have somewhat higher (20% ±5%) depolarized echoes than their trailing hemispheres, suggesting additional wavelength-scale structure in the regolith. This may indicate gardening of material by micrometeoroid impacts. Two improvements to existing delay-Doppler techniques enhance data reduction. First, correlating with subsets of the standard, repetitive pseudo-noise code alleviates Doppler dimension aliasing by satisfying the Nyquist criterion for sampling the output of the range compression stage. Application of the same algorithm to long-code data leads to a factor of five improvement in processing time for mildly overspread targets through the application of Fourier convolution. Second, a spectral weighting technique reduces clutter in long-code processing by equalizing clutter in the delay and Doppler dimensions.

1 引言

2 行星延迟多普勒成像

3 孔径合成成像

4 无线电波散射

5 水星极地

6 木星的伽利略卫星

7 结论

附录A 雷达编码与处理

附录B 水星极地图