C4 递推关系与生成函数
S0 斐波那契数列
1)递推公式: f n + 2 = f n + 1 + f n , f 0 = 0 , f 1 = 1 f_{n+2} = f_{n+1}+f_n,f_0 = 0,f_1 = 1 fn+2=fn+1+fn,f0=0,f1=1
2)通项公式: f n = 1 5 [ ( 1 + 5 2 ) n − ( 1 − 5 2 ) n ] f_n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}[(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^n - (\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2})^n] fn=51[(21+5)n−(21−5)n]
3)与二项式系数关系: f n = ∑ k = 0 n − 1 C n − 1 − k k f_n = \sum\limits_{k=0}^{n-1}C_{n-1-k}^k fn=k=0∑n−1Cn−1−kk,即 Pascal 三角形从左下到右上每条线的和
4)部分和: S n = f n + 2 − 1 S_n = f_{n+2}-1 Sn=fn+2−1
S1 生成函数
1)生成函数: f ( x ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ a k x k f(x) = \sum\limits_{k=0}^\infin a_k x^k f(x)=k=0∑∞akxk
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S n = ∑ k = 0 n a k S_n=\sum\limits_{k=0}^na_k Sn=k=0∑nak 的生成函数: f ( x ) 1 − x \frac{f(x)}{1-x} 1−xf(x)
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k k k 元无限多重集 n n n 组合( ∑ i = 1 k c i x i = n \sum\limits_{i=1}^k c_ix_i = n i=1∑kcixi=n 的非整数解)个数: g ( x ) = ∏ i = 1 k 1 1 − x c i g(x) =\prod\limits_{i=1}^k\frac{1}{1-x^{c_i}} g(