在 Ubuntu 18.04 环境下通过 qemu 运行 aarch64 linux 内核

古道上的西风与瘦马

已于 2024-06-11 11:24:14 修改

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于 2024-05-07 10:48:40 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43082062/article/details/138523457

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1.1 Ubuntu环境(Ubuntu 18.04 LTS)

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
Release: 18.04
Codename: bionic

1.2 安装基础软件

sudo apt update
sudo apt install flex bison libncurses5-dev gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu vim
sudo apt install ninja-build build-essential zlib1g-dev pkg-config libglib2.0-dev binutils-dev libboost-all-dev autoconf libtool libssl-dev libpixman-1-dev libpython-dev python-pip python-capstone virtualenv

1.3 安装6.2版本的qemu

$ wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-6.2.0-rc2.tar.xz
$ ./configure
$ make -j4
$ sudo make install

1.4 查看qemu-system-aarch64 的版本号

$ qemu-system-aarch64 --version
QEMU emulator version 6.2.92
Copyright © 2003-2021 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

1.5 查看qemu支持的cpu型号

$ qemu-system-aarch64 -cpu help
Available CPUs:
a64fx
arm1026
arm1136
arm1136-r2
arm1176
arm11mpcore
arm926
arm946
cortex-a15
cortex-a53
cortex-a57
cortex-a7
cortex-a72
cortex-a8
cortex-a9
cortex-m0
cortex-m3
cortex-m33
cortex-m4
cortex-m55
cortex-m7
cortex-r5
cortex-r5f
max
pxa250
pxa255
pxa260
pxa261
pxa262
pxa270-a0
pxa270-a1
pxa270
pxa270-b0
pxa270-b1
pxa270-c0
pxa270-c5
sa1100
sa1110
ti925t

1.6 查看qemu支持的开发板列表

$ qemu-system-aarch64 -M help
Supported machines are:
akita Sharp SL-C1000 (Akita) PDA (PXA270)
ast2500-evb Aspeed AST2500 EVB (ARM1176)
ast2600-evb Aspeed AST2600 EVB (Cortex-A7)
borzoi Sharp SL-C3100 (Borzoi) PDA (PXA270)
canon-a1100 Canon PowerShot A1100 IS (ARM946)
cheetah Palm Tungsten|E aka. Cheetah PDA (OMAP310)
collie Sharp SL-5500 (Collie) PDA (SA-1110)
connex Gumstix Connex (PXA255)
cubieboard cubietech cubieboard (Cortex-A8)
emcraft-sf2 SmartFusion2 SOM kit from Emcraft (M2S010)
fp5280g2-bmc Inspur FP5280G2 BMC (ARM1176)
fuji-bmc Facebook Fuji BMC (Cortex-A7)
g220a-bmc Bytedance G220A BMC (ARM1176)
highbank Calxeda Highbank (ECX-1000)
imx25-pdk ARM i.MX25 PDK board (ARM926)
integratorcp ARM Integrator/CP (ARM926EJ-S)
kudo-bmc Kudo BMC (Cortex-A9)
kzm ARM KZM Emulation Baseboard (ARM1136)
lm3s6965evb Stellaris LM3S6965EVB (Cortex-M3)
lm3s811evb Stellaris LM3S811EVB (Cortex-M3)
mainstone Mainstone II (PXA27x)
mcimx6ul-evk Freescale i.MX6UL Evaluation Kit (Cortex-A7)
mcimx7d-sabre Freescale i.MX7 DUAL SABRE (Cortex-A7)
microbit BBC micro:bit (Cortex-M0)
midway Calxeda Midway (ECX-2000)
mps2-an385 ARM MPS2 with AN385 FPGA image for Cortex-M3
mps2-an386 ARM MPS2 with AN386 FPGA image for Cortex-M4
mps2-an500 ARM MPS2 with AN500 FPGA image for Cortex-M7
mps2-an505 ARM MPS2 with AN505 FPGA image for Cortex-M33
mps2-an511 ARM MPS2 with AN511 DesignStart FPGA image for Cortex-M3
mps2-an521 ARM MPS2 with AN521 FPGA image for dual Cortex-M33
mps3-an524 ARM MPS3 with AN524 FPGA image for dual Cortex-M33
mps3-an547 ARM MPS3 with AN547 FPGA image for Cortex-M55
musca-a ARM Musca-A board (dual Cortex-M33)
musca-b1 ARM Musca-B1 board (dual Cortex-M33)
musicpal Marvell 88w8618 / MusicPal (ARM926EJ-S)
n800 Nokia N800 tablet aka. RX-34 (OMAP2420)
n810 Nokia N810 tablet aka. RX-44 (OMAP2420)
netduino2 Netduino 2 Machine (Cortex-M3)
netduinoplus2 Netduino Plus 2 Machine (Cortex-M4)
none empty machine
npcm750-evb Nuvoton NPCM750 Evaluation Board (Cortex-A9)
nuri Samsung NURI board (Exynos4210)
orangepi-pc Orange Pi PC (Cortex-A7)
palmetto-bmc OpenPOWER Palmetto BMC (ARM926EJ-S)
quanta-gbs-bmc Quanta GBS (Cortex-A9)
quanta-gsj Quanta GSJ (Cortex-A9)
quanta-q71l-bmc Quanta-Q71l BMC (ARM926EJ-S)
rainier-bmc IBM Rainier BMC (Cortex-A7)
raspi0 Raspberry Pi Zero (revision 1.2)
raspi1ap Raspberry Pi A+ (revision 1.1)
raspi2b Raspberry Pi 2B (revision 1.1)
raspi3ap Raspberry Pi 3A+ (revision 1.0)
raspi3b Raspberry Pi 3B (revision 1.2)
realview-eb ARM RealView Emulation Baseboard (ARM926EJ-S)
realview-eb-mpcore ARM RealView Emulation Baseboard (ARM11MPCore)
realview-pb-a8 ARM RealView Platform Baseboard for Cortex-A8
realview-pbx-a9 ARM RealView Platform Baseboard Explore for Cortex-A9
romulus-bmc OpenPOWER Romulus BMC (ARM1176)
sabrelite Freescale i.MX6 Quad SABRE Lite Board (Cortex-A9)
sbsa-ref QEMU ‘SBSA Reference’ ARM Virtual Machine
smdkc210 Samsung SMDKC210 board (Exynos4210)
sonorapass-bmc OCP SonoraPass BMC (ARM1176)
spitz Sharp SL-C3000 (Spitz) PDA (PXA270)
stm32vldiscovery ST STM32VLDISCOVERY (Cortex-M3)
supermicrox11-bmc Supermicro X11 BMC (ARM926EJ-S)
swift-bmc OpenPOWER Swift BMC (ARM1176) (deprecated)
sx1 Siemens SX1 (OMAP310) V2
sx1-v1 Siemens SX1 (OMAP310) V1
tacoma-bmc OpenPOWER Tacoma BMC (Cortex-A7)
terrier Sharp SL-C3200 (Terrier) PDA (PXA270)
tosa Sharp SL-6000 (Tosa) PDA (PXA255)
verdex Gumstix Verdex (PXA270)
versatileab ARM Versatile/AB (ARM926EJ-S)
versatilepb ARM Versatile/PB (ARM926EJ-S)
vexpress-a15 ARM Versatile Express for Cortex-A15
vexpress-a9 ARM Versatile Express for Cortex-A9
virt-2.10 QEMU 2.10 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.11 QEMU 2.11 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.12 QEMU 2.12 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.6 QEMU 2.6 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.7 QEMU 2.7 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.8 QEMU 2.8 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-2.9 QEMU 2.9 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-3.0 QEMU 3.0 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-3.1 QEMU 3.1 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-4.0 QEMU 4.0 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-4.1 QEMU 4.1 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-4.2 QEMU 4.2 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-5.0 QEMU 5.0 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-5.1 QEMU 5.1 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-5.2 QEMU 5.2 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-6.0 QEMU 6.0 ARM Virtual Machine
virt-6.1 QEMU 6.1 ARM Virtual Machine
virt QEMU 6.2 ARM Virtual Machine (alias of virt-6.2)
virt-6.2 QEMU 6.2 ARM Virtual Machine
witherspoon-bmc OpenPOWER Witherspoon BMC (ARM1176)
xilinx-zynq-a9 Xilinx Zynq Platform Baseboard for Cortex-A9
xlnx-versal-virt Xilinx Versal Virtual development board
xlnx-zcu102 Xilinx ZynqMP ZCU102 board with 4xA53s and 2xR5Fs based on the value of smp
z2 Zipit Z2 (PXA27x)

1.7 查看virt开发板支持的cpu列表

$ qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt --cpu help
Available CPUs:
a64fx
arm1026
arm1136
arm1136-r2
arm1176
arm11mpcore
arm926
arm946
cortex-a15
cortex-a53
cortex-a57
cortex-a7
cortex-a72
cortex-a8
cortex-a9
cortex-m0
cortex-m3
cortex-m33
cortex-m4
cortex-m55
cortex-m7
cortex-r5
cortex-r5f
max
pxa250
pxa255
pxa260
pxa261
pxa262
pxa270-a0
pxa270-a1
pxa270
pxa270-b0
pxa270-b1
pxa270-c0
pxa270-c5
sa1100
sa1110
ti925t

1.8 交叉编译ARM64 Linux 5.19 内核

$ mkdir ~/qemu_study
$ cd ~/qemu_study/
$ wget https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/snapshot/linux-5.19.tar.gz
$ tar -xf linux-5.19.tar.gz
$ cd linux-5.19/
$ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- O=build defconfig
$ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- O=build -j4

1.9 交叉编译ARM64 Busybox 文件系统

$ cd ~/qemu_study/
$ wget https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.35.0.tar.bz2
$ tar -xf busybox-1.35.0.tar.bz2
$ cd busybox-1.35.0/
$ export ARCH=arm64
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-
$ make menuconfig

#修改配置，选中如下项目，静态编译
#Settings –> Build Options –> [*] Build static binary（no share libs）

#反选如下项目，否则后续qemu执行会提示 /bin/sh:can’t access tty;job control turned off
#Shells —> [ ] Job control

$ make -j4
$ make install

装完后会默认安装到源码目录的 _install/ 目录下：
$ ls _install/
bin linuxrc sbin usr

编译的过程中如果出现如下提示，可忽略：
Trying libraries: m resolv rt
Library m is needed, can’t exclude it (yet)
Library resolv is needed, can’t exclude it (yet)
Library rt is not needed, excluding it
Library m is needed, can’t exclude it (yet)
Library resolv is needed, can’t exclude it (yet)
Final link with: m resolv

1.10 创建虚拟rootfs中的init启动脚本

$ cd ~/qemu_study/busybox-1.35.0/_install/
$ mkdir proc sys dev tmp
$ touch init
$ chmod +x init

init脚本内容：
#!/bin/sh
#挂载一些必要的文件系统
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys
mount -t tmpfs none /tmp
mount -t devtmpfs none /dev
echo
echo “Hello 64-bit ARM Linux”
#显示开机消耗时间
echo “This boot took $(cut -d’ ’ -f1 /proc/uptime) seconds”
echo
#停留在控制台
exec /bin/sh

1.11 制作initramfs文件

它是多个文件通过cpio打包和gzip压缩的文件，是一个cpio格式的内存文件系统。
$ cd ~/qemu_study/busybox-1.35.0/_install/
$ find . -print0 | cpio --null -ov --format=newc | gzip -9 > ~/qemu_study/busybox-1.35.0/initramfs.cpio.gz

1.12 使用QEMU启动ARM64 Linux内核

现在，aarch64 Linux内核镜像和initramfs都已经准备好了，我们就可以使用QEMU启动linux内核了：
$ cd ~/qemu_study/
$ qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt -cpu cortex-a57 -smp 4 -m 2G -kernel ./linux-5.19/build/arch/arm64/boot/Image -initrd ./busybox-1.35.0/initramfs.cpio.gz -nographic -append “init=/init console=ttyAMA0”

QEMU参数说明：
-M：指定模拟的开发板，可通过qemu-system-aarch64 M help查看，截至书稿时，只有virt支持64-bit ARM。
-cpu：指定模拟的cpu，可通过qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt --cpu help查看，这里选择cortex-a57。
-smp：指定cpu核数量，启动后可以使用nproc命令核对。
-m：指定内存大小，virt 可支持超大内存，启动后可以使用free -h命令核对。
-kernel：指定启动的内核镜像；
-initrd：指定启动的内存文件系统；
-append：传递给内核的启动参数；启动后可使用cat /proc/cmdline命令核对。
-nographic：启动字符界面（不启动图形界面），输出重定向到宿主机命令行，与参数 console=ttyAMA0 组合使用；

如下是linux aarch64实际的启动界面：
在这里插入图片描述