Python __getattr__、__setattr__、__delattr__

1.__ getattr __

当我们访问一个不存在的属性的时候，会抛出异常，提示我们不存在这个属性。一般访问属性异常就是__getattr__方法抛出的。
例子：

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value=value
    def __getattr__(self, item):
        print("into __getattr__")
        return "can not find attr"
a = A(10)
print(a.value)
print(a.name)
"""
10
into __getattr__
can not find attr
"""

访问类里面存在的属性会正常返回值，但是如果访问一个不存在的属性最后会进入__getattr__()
在设计自己的类的时候，可以重写__getattr__()来实现一些提示功能

class Student(object):
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
         if attr in ('name', 'age', 'score'):
             print (attr)
         else:
             raise AttributeError('Unkonw attribute : %s' % attr)
student = Student()
print(student.name)
print(student.age)
print(student.score)
print(student.id)
"""
name
None
age
None
score
None

AttributeError  
AttributeError: Unkonw attribute : id
"""

class Student(object):
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
         def _func(*arg, **kwargs):
             print( arg, kwarg)

         if not attr.startswith('_'):
             _func.func_name = attr
             return _func
         raise AttributeError('Unkonw attribute : %s' % attr)
            
            
student = Student()
print(student.name)
print(student._age)

"""
<function Student.__getattr__.<locals>._func at 0x7fbc305a2ca0>

AttributeError 
<ipython-input-140-ed18ab9ef9e6> in __getattr__(self, attr)
      7             _func.func_name = attr
      8             return _func
----> 9         raise AttributeError('Unkonw attribute : %s' % attr)
     10 
     11 

AttributeError: Unkonw attribute : _age
"""

a = {'a':{'b':1}, 'b':2}
print(a['a'])
print(a['a']['b'])
print(a['b'])
"""
{'b': 1}
1
2

class Dict(dict):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super(Dict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        value =  self[name]
        if isinstance(value, dict):
            value = Dict(value)
        return value
obj = Dict(student={'age': 18}, name='ZhangSan')
print(obj)
print(obj.name)
print(obj.student)
print(obj.student.age)
"""
{'student': {'age': 18}, 'name': 'ZhangSan'}
ZhangSan
{'age': 18}
18
"""

2 __ setattr __

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        print( "into __init__")
        self.value = value
 
    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        print ("into __setattr__")
        if value == 10:
            print( "from __init__")
        object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
 
a = A(10)
"""
into __init__
into __setattr__
from __init__
"""
print(a.value)
#10


a.value = 20
"""
into __setattr__
"""
print(a.value)
#20

注意避免死循环：

####死循环####
#在重写__setattr__和__delattr__方法的时候要尽量避免重复调用
class A(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
 
    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        self.name = value
  
### 避免死循环###

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
 
    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        self.__dict__[name] = value

3. __ delattr __

a = A(20)
print(a.value)
del a.value
print(a.value)

"""
20
when can not find attribute into __getattr__
"""

参考博客1：https://blog.csdn.net/yusuiyu/article/details/87945149
参考博客2：https://www.jianshu.com/p/61c10a59fdab