简单的神经网络
根据身高H和体重W,我们可以建立以下的神经网络:
损失函数
根据上一节的内容,我们可以知道,损失函数可以定义如下:
L
o
s
s
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
(
y
i
−
y
^
i
)
2
Loss = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i-\hat y_i)^2
Loss=n1i=1∑n(yi−y^i)2
所以,损失函数实际是上包括
w
1
,
w
2
,
w
3
,
w
4
,
w
5
,
w
6
,
b
1
,
b
2
,
b
3
w_1, w_2, w_3, w_4, w_5, w_6, b_1, b_2, b_3
w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,b1,b2,b3 9个变量的多元函数,即
L
o
s
s
(
w
1
,
w
2
,
w
3
,
w
4
,
w
5
,
w
6
,
b
1
,
b
2
,
b
3
)
Loss(w_1, w_2, w_3, w_4, w_5, w_6, b_1, b_2, b_3)
Loss(w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,b1,b2,b3)
h
1
h_1
h1 和
h
2
h_2
h2 的净输出为:
n
e
t
h
1
=
w
1
∗
H
+
w
2
∗
W
+
b
1
net_{h_1} = w_1*H + w_2 * W + b_1
neth1=w1∗H+w2∗W+b1
n
e
t
h
2
=
w
3
∗
H
+
w
4
∗
W
+
b
2
net_{h_2} = w_3*H + w_4 * W + b_2
neth2=w3∗H+w4∗W+b2
为了让输出避免线性相关,我们使用 Sigmod函数进行计算:
S
(
x
)
=
1
1
−
e
−
x
S(x) = \frac{1}{1-e^{-x}}
S(x)=1−e−x1
另外,由于
S
′
(
x
)
=
e
x
(
1
+
e
−
x
)
2
=
S
(
x
)
(
1
−
S
(
x
)
)
S^{'}(x) = \frac{e^x}{(1+e^{-x})^2}=S(x)(1-S(x))
S′(x)=(1+e−x)2ex=S(x)(1−S(x))所以
∂
o
u
t
h
1
∂
n
e
t
h
1
=
S
′
(
n
e
t
h
1
)
=
o
u
t
h
1
∗
(
1
−
o
u
t
h
1
)
\frac{\partial out_{h_1}}{\partial net_{h_1}}=S^{'}(net_{h_1})=out_{h_1}*(1-out_{h_1})
∂neth1∂outh1=S′(neth1)=outh1∗(1−outh1)
求对应的实际输出,分别为:
o
u
t
h
1
=
S
(
h
1
)
o
u
t
h
2
=
S
(
h
2
)
out_{h_1} = S(h_1)\\ out_{h_2} = S(h_2)
outh1=S(h1)outh2=S(h2)
从而最终的输出为:
O
=
w
5
∗
o
u
t
h
1
+
w
6
∗
o
u
t
h
2
+
b
3
O = w_5 * out_{h_1} + w_6 * out_{h_2} + b_3
O=w5∗outh1+w6∗outh2+b3
所以损失函数的表达式为:
L
o
s
s
=
(
y
i
−
y
^
i
)
2
=
(
y
i
−
O
)
2
Loss = (y_i-\hat y_i)^2 = (y_i - O)^2
Loss=(yi−y^i)2=(yi−O)2
随机梯度下降(SGD)
w i + ← 1 − η ∗ ∂ O ∂ w i w_i^+ \leftarrow 1- \eta * \frac{\partial O}{\partial {w_i}} wi+←1−η∗∂wi∂O
现在让我们来求
w
1
w_1
w1 的变化率:
∂
L
o
s
s
∂
w
1
=
∂
L
o
s
s
∂
O
∗
∂
O
∂
o
u
t
h
1
∗
∂
o
u
t
h
1
∂
n
e
t
h
1
∗
∂
n
e
t
h
1
∂
w
1
\frac{\partial Loss}{\partial {w_1}} = \frac{\partial Loss}{\partial O} * \frac{\partial O}{\partial out_{h_1}} * \frac{\partial out_{h_1}}{\partial net_{h_1}} * \frac{\partial net_{h_1}}{\partial {w_1}}
∂w1∂Loss=∂O∂Loss∗∂outh1∂O∗∂neth1∂outh1∗∂w1∂neth1
代入可得:
∂
L
o
s
s
∂
w
1
=
(
O
−
y
i
)
∗
w
5
∗
o
u
t
h
1
(
1
−
o
u
t
h
1
)
∗
H
\frac{\partial Loss}{\partial {w_1}} = (O - y_i) * w_5*out_{h_1}(1-out_{h_1}) * H
∂w1∂Loss=(O−yi)∗w5∗outh1(1−outh1)∗H