爬虫神器PyQuery的使用方法

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-16 09:15:24 发布

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pyquery

前文
PyQuery库官方文档
pyquery的初始化
- 字符串初始化
- URL初始化和文件初始化
基本css选择器
- 查找元素
遍历
获取信息
DOM操作
- attr、css
伪类选择器

首推官方文档: http://pyquery.readthedocs.io

前文

pyquery库是jQuery的Python实现，能够以jQuery的语法来操作解析 HTML 文档，易用性和解析速度都很好，和它差不多的还有BeautifulSoup，都是用来解析的。相比BeautifulSoup完美翔实的文档，虽然PyQuery库的文档弱爆了，但是使用起来还是可以的，有些地方用起来很方便简洁。

PyQuery库官方文档

初始化为PyQuery对象
常用的CCS选择器
伪类选择器
查找标签
获取标签信息

pyquery的初始化

初始化方式，有三种，

可以传入字符串，
传入url，
传入文件。

字符串初始化

html = '''
<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''

URL初始化和文件初始化

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)#声明pq对象
print(doc('li'))#用css选择器来实现，如果要选id前面加#，如果选class，前面加.，如果选标签名，什么也不加

URL初始化
也可以直接传入URL，进行URL初始化，程序会自动请求URL，获得html并返回要查找的字符串
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(url='http://www.baidu.com')#程序会自动请求url
print(doc('head'))#返回head标签

文件初始化
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(filename='D://demo.html')#直接传入文件名称及路径，程序会自动寻找并请求
print(doc('li'))

在这里插入代码片

基本css选择器

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc('#container .list li'))#会查找id为container class为list，标签为li的对象，只是层级关系，没有后者一定是前者的子对象

这里我们需要注意的一个地方是doc(’#container .list li’)，这里的三者之间的并不是必须要挨着，只要是层级关系就可以,下面是常用的CSS选择器方法：

选择器	属性	解释说明
.class	.color	选择class="color"的所有元素
#id	#info	选择id="info"的所有元素
*	*	选择所有元素
element	p	选择所有p元素
element,element	div,p	选择所有div元素和所有p元素
element,element	div p	选择div标签内部的所有p元素
[arrtibute]	[target]	选择带有target属性的所有元素
[arrtibute=value]	[target=_blank]	选择带有target="_blank"的所有元素

查找元素


html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''

子元素

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')#拿到items
print(type(items))
print(items)
lis = items.find('li')#利用find方法，查找items里面的li标签，得到的lis也可以继续调用find方法往下查找，层层剥离
print(type(lis))
print(lis)

也可以用.children()查找直接子元素
lis = items.children()
print(type(lis))
print(lis)
lis = items.children('.active')
print(lis)

父元素

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
container = items.parent()#.parent()查找对象的父元素
print(type(container))
print(container)

祖先节点

parents = items.parents()#.parents（）祖先节点
parent = items.parents('.wrap')#当然也可以传入参数
print(parent)

兄弟元素

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')#空格表示里面，没有空格表示整体
print(li.siblings())#.siblings()兄弟元素，即同级别的元素，不包括自己

遍历

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
lis = doc('li').items()#.items会是一个生成器
print(type(lis))
for li in lis:
    print(li)

获取信息

获取属性

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.attr('href'))#定义a标签的href属性用于指定超链接目标的URL。 如果用户选择了a标签中的内容，那么浏览器会尝试检索并显示href属性指定的URL所表示的文档，或者执行JavaScript表达式、方法和函数的列表。
print(a.attr.href)
-----------------------------------------------------
结果：
<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
link3.html
link3.html

获取文本

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.text）#.text()获取文本信息

获取html

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
print(li.html())#.html（）获取所在html

DOM操作

首推官方文档参考:http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html
addClass、removeClass

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
li.removeClass('active')#删除
print(li)
li.addClass('active')#增加
print(li)

attr、css

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
li.attr('name', 'link')#增加一个属性
print(li)
li.css('font-size', '14px')#增加一个css
print(li)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
结果：
< li class ="item-0 active" > < a href="link3.html" > < span class ="bold" > third item < / span > < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-0 active" name="link" > < a href="link3.html" > < span class ="bold" > third item < / span > < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-0 active" name="link" style="font-size: 14px" > < a href="link3.html" > < span class ="bold" > third item < / span > < / a > < / li >

remove

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    Hello, World
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
wrap = doc('.wrap')
print(wrap.text())
wrap.find('p').remove()#找到p标签然后删除
print(wrap.text())
结果：
Hello, World This is a paragraph.
Hello, World

伪类选择器

首推官方文档参考: http://www.w3school.com.cn/css/index.asp

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('li:first-child')
print(li)
li = doc('li:last-child')
print(li)
li = doc('li:nth-child(2)')
print(li)
li = doc('li:gt(2)')
print(li)
li = doc('li:nth-child(2n)')
print(li)
li = doc('li:contains(second)')
print(li)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
结果：
< li class ="item-0" > first item < / li >
< li class ="item-0" > < a href="link5.html" > fifth item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-1" > < a href="link2.html" > second item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-1 active" > < a href="link4.html" > fourth item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-0" > < a href="link5.html" > fifth item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-1" > < a href="link2.html" > second item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-1 active" > < a href="link4.html" > fourth item < / a > < / li >
< li class ="item-1" > < a href="link2.html" > second item < / a > < / li >