多种类型图的绘制
1. 折线图
(1)绘制单条折线
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei']
y = [1,0,1,1,2,4,3,2,3,4,4,5,6,5,4,3,3,1,1,1]
x = range(11,31)
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.plot(x,y)
#设置x轴刻度
_xtick_labels = ["{}岁".format(i) for i in x]
plt.xticks(x,_xtick_labels,fontname='SimHei')
plt.yticks(range(0,9))
#绘制网格
plt.grid(alpha=1)
#展示
plt.show()
(2)绘制多条折线
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei']
y_1 = [1,0,1,1,2,4,3,2,3,4,4,5,6,5,4,3,3,1,1,1]
y_2 = [1,0,3,1,2,2,3,3,2,1 ,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
x = range(11,31)
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.plot(x,y_1,label="自己",color="#F08080")
plt.plot(x,y_2,label="同桌",color="blue",linestyle="--")
#设置x轴刻度
_xtick_labels = ["{}岁".format(i) for i in x]
plt.xticks(x,_xtick_labels,fontname='SimHei')
plt.yticks(range(0,9))
#绘制网格
plt.grid(alpha=0.4,linestyle=':')
#添加图例
plt.legend(loc="upper left")
#展示
plt.show()
2. 散点图
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
y_3 = [11, 17, 16, 11, 12, 11, 12, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 14, 17, 18, 21, 16, 17, 20, 14, 15, 15, 15, 19, 21, 22, 22,
22, 23]
y_10 = [26, 26, 28, 19, 21, 17, 16, 19, 18, 20, 20, 19, 22, 23, 17, 20, 21, 20, 22, 15, 11, 15, 5, 13, 17, 10, 11, 13,
12, 13, 6]
x_3 = range(1, 32)
x_10 = range(51, 82)
# 设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(15, 12), dpi=80)
# 使用scatter方法绘制散点图,和之前绘制折线图的唯一区别
plt.scatter(x_3, y_3, label="3月份")
plt.scatter(x_10, y_10, label="10月份")
# 调整x轴的刻度
_x = list(x_3) + list(x_10)
_xtick_labels = ["3月{}日".format(i) for i in x_3]
_xtick_labels += ["10月{}日".format(i - 50) for i in x_10]
plt.xticks(_x[::3], _xtick_labels[::3], fontname='SimHei', fontsize=15, rotation=45)
plt.yticks(fontsize=20)
# 添加图例
plt.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=20)
# 添加描述信息
plt.xlabel("时间", fontname='SimHei', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel("温度", fontname='SimHei', fontsize=20)
plt.title("标题", fontname='SimHei', fontsize=20)
# 展示
plt.show()
3. 条形图
(1)纵向条形图
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5:最后的骑士","摔跤吧!爸爸","加勒比海盗5:死无对证",
"金刚:骷髅岛","极限特工:终极回归","生化危机6:终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺",
"金刚狼3:殊死一战","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]
b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(15,12),dpi=80)
#绘制条形图
plt.bar(range(len(a)),b,width=0.3)
#设置字符串到x轴
plt.xticks(range(len(a)),a,rotation=90)
plt.show()
(2)横向条形图
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5:最后的骑士","摔跤吧!爸爸","加勒比海盗5:死无对证",
"金刚:骷髅岛","极限特工:终极回归","生化危机6:终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺",
"金刚狼3:殊死一战","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]
b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,15),dpi=80)
#绘制条形图
plt.barh(range(len(a)),b,height=0.3,color="orange")
#设置字符串到x轴
plt.yticks(range(len(a)),a)
plt.grid(alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
(3)多组条形图对比
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
a = ["猩球崛起3:终极之战","敦刻尔克","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","战狼2"]
b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]
b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]
b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]
# 条形图bar的宽度
bar_width = 0.2
x_14 = list(range(len(a)))
x_15 = [i+bar_width for i in x_14]
x_16 = [i+bar_width*2 for i in x_14]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.bar(range(len(a)),b_14,width=bar_width,label="9月14日")
plt.bar(x_15,b_15,width=bar_width,label="9月15日")
plt.bar(x_16,b_16,width=bar_width,label="9月16日")
#设置图例
plt.legend()
#设置x轴的刻度
plt.xticks(x_15,a)
plt.show()
4. 直方图
(1)一般来说,调用plt.hist() 方法的是没有统计过的数据。
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119,
128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126,
134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126,
130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119,
105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132,
103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109,
132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143,
115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123,
116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110,
111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120,
117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141,
117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112,
81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,
105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84,
137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]
# 计算组数
# 组距,组距需要自行选择合适的
d = 3
# 组数
num_bins = (max(a)-min(a))//d
# 设置图形的大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.hist(a,num_bins)
#设置x轴的刻度
plt.xticks(range(min(a),max(a)+d,d))
plt.grid()
plt.show()
(2)对于已经统计好的数据,采用如下方法绘制为直方图。
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90] # x轴的坐标
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60] # 宽度
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,12),dpi=80)
# 宽度width默认为0.8,各个bar之间有间隙,设为1后,间隙消失
plt.bar(range(12),quantity,width=1)
#设置x轴的刻度
_x = [i-0.5 for i in range(13)] # i-0.5将bar的边缘与刻度对齐(注:条形图bar的中心与刻度对齐)
_xtick_labels = interval+[150]
plt.xticks(_x,_xtick_labels)
plt.grid(alpha=0.4)
plt.show()
(3)对于已经统计好的数据,绘制直方图并显示跨度。
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]
#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.bar(interval,quantity,width=width)
#设置x轴的刻度
temp_d = [5]+ width[:-1]
_x = [i-temp_d[interval.index(i)]*0.5 for i in interval]
plt.xticks(_x,interval)
plt.grid(alpha=0.4)
plt.show()
5. 饼图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#设置饼图为5部分,每部分所占比例为values[x]/values
values = [26,17,21,29,11]
#设置5个扇形之间的间隙,比例
space = [0.1,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05]
#设置5个扇形的标签
labels = ['Python','JavaScript','C++','C','PHP']
#设置5个扇形的颜色
colors =['dodgerblue','orangered','limegreen','violet','gold']
plt.figure('Pie',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Pie',fontsize = 20)
plt.pie(values,space,labels,colors,'%d%%',shadow = True,startangle = 90)
plt.axis('equal') #等轴
plt.show()
6. 等高线图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
n = 1000
x,y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3,3,n),np.linspace(-3,3,n))
z = (1 - x/2 + x**5 + y**3)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)
plt.figure('Contour',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Contour',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel('x',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel('y',fontsize = 14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize = 10)
plt.grid(linestyle = ':')
plt.contourf(x,y,z,20,cmap = 'jet')
cntr = plt.contour(x,y,z,20,colors = 'black',linewidths = 0.5)
plt.clabel(cntr,inline_spacing = 1,fmt = '%0.1f',fontsize = 10)
plt.show()
7. 热力图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
n = 1000
x,y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3,3,n),np.linspace(-3,3,n))
z = (1 - x/2 + x**5 + y**3)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)
plt.figure('Hot',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Hot',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel('x',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel('y',fontsize = 14)
plt.xlim(0,1000)
plt.ylim(0,1000)
plt.tick_params(labelsize = 10)
plt.grid(linestyle = ':')
plt.imshow(z,cmap = 'jet',origin = 'lower')
plt.colorbar().set_label('z',fontsize = 14)
plt.show()
8. 网状图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.linspace(-5,5,1000)
y = 8 * np.sinc(x)
plt.figure('Grid',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Grid',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel('x',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel('y',fontsize = 14)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(1.0))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.1))
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(1.0))
ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.1))
plt.tick_params(labelsize = 10)
ax.grid(which = 'major',axis = 'both',linewidth = 0.75,linestyle = '-',
color = 'orangered',alpha = 0.5)
ax.grid(which = 'minor',axis = 'both',linewidth = 0.75,linestyle = '-',
color = 'orangered',alpha = 0.5)
plt.plot(x,y,c='dodgerblue',label = r'$y=8sinc(x)$')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
9. 图像部分填充
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
n = 1000
x = np.linspace(0,8 * np.pi,n)
sin_y = np.sin(x)
cos_y = np.cos(x/2)/2
plt.figure('Fill',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Fill',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel('x',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel('y',fontsize = 14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize = 10)
plt.grid(linestyle = ':')
plt.plot(x,sin_y,c = 'dodgerblue',label = r'$y=sin(x)$')
plt.plot(x,cos_y,c = 'orangered',label = r'$y=\frac{1}{2}cos(\frac{x}{2})$')
#填充封闭区域,横坐标、两条曲线的纵坐标、填充条件、颜色、 #透明度
plt.fill_between(x,sin_y,cos_y,cos_y < sin_y,color = 'blue',alpha = 0.5)
plt.fill_between(x,sin_y,cos_y,cos_y > sin_y,color = 'red',alpha = 0.5)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
10. 对数图像
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
y = np.array([1, 10, 100, 1000, 100, 10, 1])
plt.figure('Normal & Log')
plt.subplot(211)
plt.title('Normal', fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel('y', fontsize=14)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(1))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.1))
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(250))
ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(50))
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)
ax.grid(which='major', axis='both',linewidth=0.75, linestyle='-',color='lightgray')
ax.grid(which='minor', axis='both',linewidth=0.25, linestyle='-',color='lightgray')
plt.plot(y, 'o-', c='dodgerblue',label='plot')
plt.legend()
plt.subplot(212)
plt.title('Log', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('x', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('y', fontsize=14)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(1))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.1))
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)
ax.grid(which='major', axis='both',linewidth=0.75, linestyle='-',color='lightgray')
ax.grid(which='minor', axis='both',linewidth=0.25, linestyle='-',color='lightgray')
plt.semilogy(y, 'o-', c='orangered',label='semilogy')
plt.legend()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
11. 极坐标图像
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
t = np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,1000)
r_spiral = 0.8*t
r_rose = 5*np.sin(6*t)
plt.figure('Polar',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.gca(projection = 'polar')
plt.title('Polar',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel(r'$\theta$',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel(r'$\rho$',fontsize = 14)
plt.grid(linestyle = '-')
plt.plot(t,r_spiral,c='dodgerblue',label = r'$\rho=0.8\theta$')
plt.plot(t,r_rose,c='orangered',label = r'$\rho=5sin(6\theta)$')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
12. 散点图美化
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
n = 1000
x = np.random.normal(0,1,n) #产生正太分布的随机数,均值0,方差1,个数1000
y = np.random.normal(0,1,n)
d = np.sqrt(x ** 2 + y ** 2) #点的颜色根据距离渐变
plt.figure('Scatter',facecolor = 'lightgray')
plt.title('Scatter',fontsize = 20)
plt.xlabel('x',fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel('y',fontsize = 14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize = 10)
plt.grid(linestyle = ':')
#cmap = 'jet_r'是由红至蓝的颜色渐变0->1
plt.scatter(x,y,c = d,cmap = 'jet_r',s=60,alpha = 0.5)
plt.show()
13. 3D散点图
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
n = 1000
x = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
y = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
z = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
d = np.sqrt(x ** 2 + y ** 2 + z ** 2)
plt.figure('Scatter 3D')
ax = plt.gca(projection='3d')
plt.title('Scatter 3D', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('x', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('y', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)
plt.grid(linestyle=':')
ax.scatter(x, y, z, c=d, cmap='jet_r', s=60, alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
14. 绘制3D图实例
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
n = 1000
x, y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, n),np.linspace(-3, 3, n))
z = (1 - x / 2 + x ** 5 + y ** 3) * np.exp(-x ** 2 - y ** 2)
plt.figure('3D Wireframe')
ax = plt.gca(projection='3d')
plt.title('3D Wireframe', fontsize=20)
ax.set_xlabel('x', fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel('y', fontsize=14)
ax.set_zlabel('z', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)
ax.plot_wireframe(x, y, z, rstride=30,cstride=30, linewidth=0.5,color='orangered')
plt.figure('3D Surface')
ax = plt.gca(projection='3d')
plt.title('3D Surface', fontsize=20)
ax.set_xlabel('x', fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel('y', fontsize=14)
ax.set_zlabel('z', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(labelsize=10)
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, rstride=10,cstride=10, cmap='jet')
plt.show()
15. 多图布局
15.1 均匀布局
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#设置图形标题
plt.figure('Subplot',facecolor = 'lightgray')
#从左向右,从上到下第一个,2行2列第一个
plt.subplot(2,2,1)
#将x轴和y轴的刻度设置为空,什么都不显示
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
#设置图像中显示的文本:相对位置(0-1.0)、文本、
#对齐方式(中心对齐)、字体大小、透明度(0-1.0)
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'1',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(2,2,2)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'2',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(2,2,3)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'3',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(2,2,4)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'4',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.tight_layout() #设置紧凑布局
plt.show()
15.2 自由布局
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as mg
#设置图形标题
plt.figure('GridSpec',facecolor = 'lightgray')
gs = plt.GridSpec(3,3)
plt.subplot(gs[:2,0])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
#设置图像中显示的文本:相对位置(0-1.0)、文本、
#对齐方式(中心对齐)、字体大小、透明度(0-1.0)
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'1',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(gs[:1,1:3])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'2',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(gs[1:3,2])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'3',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(gs[2:3,0:2])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'4',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.subplot(gs[1,1])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'5',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.tight_layout() #设置紧凑布局
plt.show()
15.3 设置文本
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#设置图形标题
plt.figure('axes',facecolor = 'lightgray')
#按比例设置图形四周的留白,并绘制第一张图
plt.axes([0.03,0.038,0.94,0.924])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
#设置图像中显示的文本:相对位置(0-1.0)、文本、
#对齐方式(中心对齐)、字体大小、透明度(0-1.0)
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'1',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
#设置第二章图
plt.axes([0.63,0.076,0.31,0.308])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
#设置图像中显示的文本:相对位置(0-1.0)、文本、
#对齐方式(中心对齐)、字体大小、透明度(0-1.0)
plt.text(0.5,0.5,'2',ha = 'center',va = 'center',size = 36,alpha = 1.5)
plt.show()