LightGBM使用教程

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数据科学与机器学习案例之WiFi定位系统的位置预测

数据科学与机器学习案例之Stacking集成方法对鸢尾花进行分类

Python使用lightgbm的说明以及例子指导

这里的链接是补充python的使用说明以及案例指导，让机器学习小白迅速上手,这里就不过多赘述。
下面详细说明R语言使用lightgbm的教程。

R语言lightgbm训练

数据的输入

训练数据的输入有三种方式：sparseMatrix、dense matrix、lgb.Dataset.

sparseMatrix:

> data(agaricus.train, package = "lightgbm")
> data(agaricus.test, package = "lightgbm")
> train <- agaricus.train
> test <- agaricus.test
> print("Training lightgbm with sparseMatrix")
[1] "Training lightgbm with sparseMatrix"
> bst <- lightgbm(
+     data = train$data
+     , label = train$label
+     , num_leaves = 4L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , nrounds = 2L
+     , objective = "binary"
+ )

dense matrix:

> print("Training lightgbm with Matrix")
[1] "Training lightgbm with Matrix"
> bst <- lightgbm(
+     data = as.matrix(train$data)
+     , label = train$label
+     , num_leaves = 4L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , nrounds = 2L
+     , objective = "binary"
+ )

lgb.Dataset:

> dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(
+     data = train$data
+     , label = train$label
+ )
> bst <- lightgbm(
+     data = dtrain
+     , num_leaves = 4L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , nrounds = 2L
+     , objective = "binary"
+ )

以上是lightgbm输入数据的三种方式.当然对于lightgbm算法打印模型的消息设置也有三种方式，下面来展示一下。

verbose = 0:

[LightGBM] [Warning] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.005476 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.

verbose = 1:

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 3140, number of negative: 3373
[LightGBM] [Warning] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.004427 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 214
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 6513, number of used features: 107
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.482113 -> initscore=-0.071580
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score -0.071580
[1]:    train's binary_logloss:0.198597 
[2]:    train's binary_logloss:0.111535 

verbose = 2:

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 3140, number of negative: 3373
[LightGBM] [Debug] Dataset::GetMultiBinFromSparseFeatures: sparse rate 0.930600
[LightGBM] [Debug] Dataset::GetMultiBinFromAllFeatures: sparse rate 0.433362
[LightGBM] [Debug] init for col-wise cost 0.002494 seconds, init for row-wise cost 0.002800 seconds
[LightGBM] [Debug] col-wise cost 0.000429 seconds, row-wise cost 0.000184 seconds
[LightGBM] [Warning] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.003106 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Debug] Using Sparse Multi-Val Bin
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 214
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 6513, number of used features: 107
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.482113 -> initscore=-0.071580
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score -0.071580
[LightGBM] [Debug] Trained a tree with leaves = 4 and max_depth = 3
[1]:    train's binary_logloss:0.198597 
[LightGBM] [Debug] Trained a tree with leaves = 4 and max_depth = 3
[2]:    train's binary_logloss:0.111535 

训练、模型评估、预测

训练的过程需要手动调参并加以可视化，这里对于各个参数的调参就不加以展示了。直接展示调参的形式。

dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(data = train$data, label = train$label, free_raw_data = FALSE) # 训练集
dtest <- lgb.Dataset.create.valid(dtrain, data = test$data, label = test$label) # 测试集
valids <- list(train = dtrain, test = dtest) # 训练集与测试集的集合

备注：lgb.train可以同时对训练集与测试集进行评估，并且评估的指标可设置多个.

可调的评估参数见：lightgbm可调参数全解
下面是可用于展示的评估参数，这里展示的是二分类的log损失，二分类的错误率，auc。

bst <- lgb.train(
    data = dtrain
    , num_leaves = 4L
    , learning_rate = 1.0
    , nrounds = 2L
    , valids = valids
    , eval = c("binary_error", "binary_logloss",'auc') # 二分类的log损失、错误率、auc
    , nthread = 2L
    , objective = "binary"
)

访问测试集与验证集的评估结果：

bst$record_evals[['eval']] # 嵌套列表
bst$record_evals[['test']] 

lgb.cv函数实现交叉验证：

nrounds <- 2L
param <- list(
  num_leaves = 4L
  , learning_rate = 1.0
  , objective = "binary"
)
lgb.cv(
  param
  , dtrain
  , nrounds
  , nfold = 5L
  , eval = "binary_error" # 交叉验证的评估指标
)

lgb.cv中的目标函数与评估函数可自定义：

logregobj <- function(preds, dtrain) {
  labels <- getinfo(dtrain, "label") # 读入dtrain数据中的label
  preds <- 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-preds))
  grad <- preds - labels
  hess <- preds * (1.0 - preds)
  return(list(grad = grad, hess = hess))
}

evalerror <- function(preds, dtrain) {
  labels <- getinfo(dtrain, "label")
  preds <- 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-preds))
  err <- as.numeric(sum(labels != (preds > 0.5))) / length(labels)
  return(list(name = "error", value = err, higher_better = FALSE))
}

lgb.cv(
  params = param
  , data = dtrain
  , nrounds = nrounds
  , obj = logregobj
  , eval = evalerror
  , nfold = 5L
)

备注：lgb.train中的obj（目标函数）与eval（评估函数）也可自定义，自定义方式请参考上述代码。

如有bug,请放弃食用或者重新安装Github更改的包：

git clone git@github.com:jameslamb/LightGBM.git -b fix/custom-eva
cd LightGBM
Rscript build_r.R

模型的预测：

> ptrain <- predict(bst, agaricus.train$data, rawscore = TRUE) # log odds
> ptrain1 <- predict(bst,agaricus.train$data) # 返回二分类的概率值
> head(ptrain)
[1]  0.9943657 -2.6300356 -2.6300356  0.9943657 -2.7839488 -2.6300356
> head(ptrain1)
[1] 0.72994936 0.06723022 0.06723022 0.72994936 0.05819774 0.06723022
> head(1 - ptrain1)
[1] 0.2700506 0.9327698 0.9327698 0.2700506 0.9418023 0.9327698
> log(0.72994936 / 0.2700506)
[1] 0.9943658

回归与分类问题的lightgbm可视化

数据仍然使用lightgbm自带的数据：agaricus.train agaricus.test.

> .diverging_palette <- c(
+   "#A50026", "#D73027", "#F46D43", "#FDAE61", "#FEE08B"
+   , "#D9EF8B", "#A6D96A", "#66BD63", "#1A9850", "#006837"
+ )
> 
> .prediction_depth_plot <- function(df) {
+   plot(
+     x = df$X
+     , y = df$Y
+     , type = "p"
+     , main = "Prediction Depth"
+     , xlab = "Leaf Bin"
+     , ylab = "Prediction Probability"
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[df$binned + 1L]
+   )
+   legend(
+     "topright"
+     , title = "bin"
+     , legend = sort(unique(df$binned))
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[sort(unique(df$binned + 1L))]
+     , cex = 0.7
+   )
+ }
> 
> .prediction_depth_spread_plot <- function(df) {
+   plot(
+     x = df$binned
+     , xlim = c(0L, 9L)
+     , y = df$Z
+     , type = "p"
+     , main = "Prediction Depth Spread"
+     , xlab = "Leaf Bin"
+     , ylab = "Logloss"
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[df$binned + 1L]
+   )
+   legend(
+     "topright"
+     , title = "bin"
+     , legend = sort(unique(df$binned))
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[sort(unique(df$binned + 1L))]
+     , cex = 0.7
+   )
+ }
> 
> .depth_density_plot <- function(df) {
+   plot(
+     x = density(df$Y)
+     , xlim = c(min(df$Y), max(df$Y))
+     , type = "p"
+     , main = "Depth Density"
+     , xlab = "Prediction Probability"
+     , ylab = "Bin Density"
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[df$binned + 1L]
+   )
+   legend(
+     "topright"
+     , title = "bin"
+     , legend = sort(unique(df$binned))
+     , pch = 19L
+     , col = .diverging_palette[sort(unique(df$binned + 1L))]
+     , cex = 0.7
+   )
+ }

备注：可视化每个样本下分箱的数量与预测值、log 损失之间的关系。

params <- list(objective = "regression", metric = "l2")
valids <- list(test = dtest)
model <- lgb.train(
    params
    , dtrain
    , 50L
    , valids
    , min_data = 1L
    , learning_rate = 0.1
    , bagging_fraction = 0.1
    , bagging_freq = 1L
    , bagging_seed = 1L
)
new_data <- data.frame(
    X = rowMeans(predict(
        model
        , agaricus.test$data
        , predleaf = TRUE
    )) # 预测了每棵树上叶子节点的索引
    , Y = pmin(
        pmax(
            predict(model, agaricus.test$data) # 回归问题的预测值
            , 1e-15
        )
        , 1.0 - 1e-15
    )
)
new_data$Z <- -1.0 * (agaricus.test$label * log(new_data$Y) + (1L - agaricus.test$label) * log(1L - new_data$Y)) # log loss

new_data$binned <- .bincode(
    x = new_data$X
    , breaks = quantile(
        x = new_data$X
        , probs = seq_len(9L) / 10.0
    )
    , right = TRUE
    , include.lowest = TRUE
)
new_data$binned[is.na(new_data$binned)] <- 0L
.prediction_depth_plot(df = new_data)
.prediction_depth_spread_plot(df = new_data)
.depth_density_plot(df = new_data)

多分类问题

备注：使用lightgbm对鸢尾花数据进行分类.

> iris$Species <- as.numeric(as.factor(iris$Species)) - 1L
> train <- as.matrix(iris[c(1L:40L, 51L:90L, 101L:140L), ])
> test <- as.matrix(iris[c(41L:50L, 91L:100L, 141L:150L), ])
> dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(data = train[, 1L:4L], label = train[, 5L])
> dtest <- lgb.Dataset.create.valid(dtrain, data = test[, 1L:4L], label = test[, 5L])
> valids <- list(test = dtest)
> 
> 
> params <- list(objective = "multiclass", metric = "multi_error", num_class = 3L)
> model <- lgb.train(
+     params
+     , dtrain
+     , 100L
+     , valids
+     , min_data = 1L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , early_stopping_rounds = 10L
+ )
> my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L]) # 返回向量
> my_preds <- predict(model, test[, 1L:4L], reshape = TRUE) # num_data * num_class Matrix

样本权重

> weights1 <- rep(1.0 / 100000.0, 6513L)
> weights2 <- rep(1.0 / 100000.0, 1611L)
> data(agaricus.train, package = "lightgbm")
> train <- agaricus.train
> dtrain <- lgb.Dataset(train$data, label = train$label, weight = weights1)
> data(agaricus.test, package = "lightgbm")
> test <- agaricus.test
> dtest <- lgb.Dataset.create.valid(dtrain, test$data, label = test$label, weight = weights2)
> valids <- list(test = dtest)
> params <- list(
+     objective = "regression"
+     , metric = "l2"
+     , device = "cpu"
+     , min_sum_hessian = 10.0
+     , num_leaves = 7L
+     , max_depth = 3L
+     , nthread = 1L
+ )
> model <- lgb.train(
+     params
+     , dtrain
+     , 50L
+     , valids
+     , min_data = 1L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , early_stopping_rounds = 10L
+ )
> weight_loss <- as.numeric(model$record_evals$test$l2$eval)
> 
> plot(weight_loss) # Shows how poor the learning was: a straight line!
> params <- list(
+     objective = "regression"
+     , metric = "l2"
+     , device = "cpu"
+     , min_sum_hessian = 1e-4
+     , num_leaves = 7L
+     , max_depth = 3L
+     , nthread = 1L
+ )
> model <- lgb.train(
+     params
+     , dtrain
+     , 50L
+     , valids
+     , min_data = 1L
+     , learning_rate = 1.0
+     , early_stopping_rounds = 10L
+ )
> small_weight_loss <- as.numeric(model$record_evals$test$l2$eval)

总结：关于lightgbm的使用教程就到此为止，如果博客中有没有说明白的地方，欢迎大家评论区提问。