Matplotlib | 华夫饼图(Waffle Charts)教程

more about Pandas入门 DataFrame的常用函数

Prepping Data

Let’s download, import and clean our primary Canadian Immigration dataset using pandas read_excel() method for any visualization.

df_can = pd.read_excel('https://cf-courses-data.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/IBMDeveloperSkillsNetwork-DV0101EN-SkillsNetwork/Data%20Files/Canada.xlsx',
                       sheet_name='Canada by Citizenship',
                       skiprows=range(20),
                       skipfooter=2)

print('Data downloaded and read into a dataframe!')

# clean up the dataset to remove unnecessary columns (eg. REG) 
df_can.drop(['AREA','REG','DEV','Type','Coverage'], axis = 1, inplace = True)

# let's rename the columns so that they make sense
df_can.rename (columns = {
   'OdName':'Country', 'AreaName':'Continent','RegName':'Region'}, inplace = True)

# for sake of consistency, let's also make all column labels of type string
df_can.columns = list(map(str, df_can.columns))

# set the country name as index - useful for quickly looking up countries using .loc method
df_can.set_index('Country', inplace = True)

# add total column
df_can['Total'] =  df_can.sum (axis = 1)

# years that we will be using in this lesson - useful for plotting later on
years = list(map(str, range(1980, 2014)))
# print ('data dimensions:', df_can.shape)

Waffle Charts

A waffle chart is an interesting visualization that is normally created to display progress toward goals. It is commonly an effective option when you are trying to add interesting visualization features to a visual that consists mainly of cells, such as an Excel dashboard.

import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches # needed for waffle Charts

mpl.style.use('ggplot') # optional: for ggplot-like style

Unfortunately, unlike R, waffle charts are not built into any of the Python visualization libraries. Therefore, we will learn how to create them from scratch.
Let’s revisit the previous case study about Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

# let's create a new dataframe for these three countries 
df_dsn = df_can.loc[['Denmark', 'Norway', 'Sweden'], :]

# let's take a look at our dataframe
df_dsn

Step 1. The first step into creating a waffle chart is determing the proportion of each category with respect to the total.

# compute the proportion of each category with respect to the total
total_values = sum(df_dsn['Total'])
category_proportions = [(float(value) / total_values) for value in df_dsn['Total']]

# print out proportions
for i, proportion in enumerate(category_proportions):
    print