Java实现多线程的几种方式

1、继承Thread类或实现Runable接口

异步执行类：

//异步执行类
public class SyncTask {
    public void task(MyCallBack myCallBack) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        	//重写run方法
            @Override
            public void run() {
                long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

                int sum = 0;
                for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
                    sum += i;
                }
                //回调结果
                myCallBack.callBack(sum);
                System.out.println("子线程耗时：" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time));
            }
        });
        //开启线程
        thread.start();

    }
}

回调接口：

//回调接口，用于回调结果
public interface MyCallBack {
    void callBack(Object object);
}

测试类：

//测试类
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
        //异步执行
        new SyncTask().task(new MyCallBack() {
        //重新回调函数
            @Override
            public void callBack(Object object) {
                System.out.println("异步回调值：" + object);
            }
        });

        System.out.println("主线程等待异步输出");
        try {
            Thread.sleep(2000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("主线程耗时：" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time));
    }
}

结果：

不建议单纯使用继承Thread或者实现Runnable接口的方式来创建线程，那样势必有创建及销毁线程耗费资源、线程上下文切换问题，这个时候引入线程池比较合理。

2、使用Executors

ThreadPoolExecutor提供了四个构造方法：
第四个ThreadPoolExecutor构造函数的源码如下：

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          @NotNull java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit unit,
                          @NotNull java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue)

解释各参数：

序号	名称	类型	含义
1	corePoolSize	int	核心线程池大小
2	maximumPoolSize	int	最大线程池大小
3	keepAliveTime	long	线程最大空闲时间
4	unit	TimeUnit	时间单位
5	workQueue	BlockingQueue	线程等待队列
6	threadFactory	ThreadFactory	线程创建工厂
7	handler	RejectedExecutionHandler	拒绝策略

预定义线程池

1、ThreadPoolExecutor

newFixedThreadPool的源码如下：

public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

可以看出newFixedThreadPool是通过调用ThreadPoolExecutor来创建线程池的，而newFixedThreadPool也存在一下特点：

• corePoolSize与maximumPoolSize相等，即其线程全为核心线程，是一个固定大小的线程池；
• keepAliveTime = 0 该参数默认对核心线程无效，而FixedThreadPool全部为核心线程；
• workQueue 为LinkedBlockingQueue（无界阻塞队列），队列最大值为Integer.MAX_VALUE。如果任务提交速度持续大余任务处理速度，会造成队列大量阻塞。因为队列很大，很有可能在拒绝策略前，内存溢出；
• FixedThreadPool的任务执行是无序的。

具体实现，修改SyncTask类：

public class SyncTask {
    public void task(MyCallBack myCallBack) {
    	//引入线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        pool.execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

                int sum = 0;
                for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
                    sum += i;
                }
                myCallBack.callBack(sum);
                System.out.println("子线程耗时：" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time));
            }
        });
    }
}

结果：

2、CachedThreadPool

public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

• corePoolSize = 0，maximumPoolSize = Integer.MAX_VALUE，即线程数量几乎无限制；
• keepAliveTime = 60s，线程空闲60s后自动结束。
• workQueue 为 SynchronousQueue 同步队列，这个队列类似于一个接力棒，入队出队必须同时传递，因为CachedThreadPool线程创建无限制，不会有队列等待，所以使用SynchronousQueue；

3、SingleThreadExecutor

public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

4、ScheduledThreadPool

public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }

自定义线程池

通过自定义ThreadPoolExecutor来创建线程池：

public class SyncTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        int corePoolSize = 2;
        int maximumPoolSize = 4;
        long keepAliveTime = 10;
        TimeUnit unit = TimeUnit.SECONDS;
        BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(2);
        ThreadFactory threadFactory = new NameTreadFactory();
        RejectedExecutionHandler handler = new MyIgnorePolicy();
        ThreadPoolExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit,
                workQueue, threadFactory, handler);
        executor.prestartAllCoreThreads(); // 预启动所有核心线程
        
        for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
            MyTask task = new MyTask(String.valueOf(i));
            executor.execute(task);
        }

        System.in.read(); //阻塞主线程
    }

    static class NameTreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {

        private final AtomicInteger mThreadNum = new AtomicInteger(1);

        @Override
        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
            Thread t = new Thread(r, "my-thread-" + mThreadNum.getAndIncrement());
            System.out.println(t.getName() + " has been created");
            return t;
        }
    }

    public static class MyIgnorePolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            doLog(r, e);
        }

        private void doLog(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            // 可做日志记录等
            System.err.println( r.toString() + " rejected");
//          System.out.println("completedTaskCount: " + e.getCompletedTaskCount());
        }
    }

    static class MyTask implements Runnable {
        private String name;

        public MyTask(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                System.out.println(this.toString() + " is running!");
                Thread.sleep(3000); //让任务执行慢点
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "MyTask [name=" + name + "]";
        }
    }
}

结果：

3、使用spring线程池ThreadPoolTaskExecutor

<!-- 异步线程池 -->
<bean id="threadPool" class="org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor">
<!-- 核心线程数 -->
<property name="corePoolSize" value="2"/>
<!-- 最大线程数 -->
<property name="maxPoolSize" value="3"/>
<!-- 队列最大长度 -->
<property name="queueCapacity" value="10"/>
<!-- 线程池维护线程所允许的空闲时间 -->
<property name="keepAliveSeconds" value="300"/>
<!-- 线程池对拒绝任务（无线程可用）的处理策略 -->
<property name="rejectedExecutionHandler">
	<bean class="java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$CallerRunPolicy"/>
</property>
</bean>

public class SyncTask {
	@Autowired
	private ThreadPoolTaskExecutor poolExecutor;
	
    public void task(MyCallBack myCallBack) {
    	
        poolExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

                int sum = 0;
                for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
                    sum += i;
                }
                myCallBack.callBack(sum);
                System.out.println("子线程耗时：" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time));
            }
        });
    }
}