collections.defaultdict 默认字典

# collections.defaultdict 默认字典
# 默认字典defaultdict的功能和dict基本相同，但在访问不存在key时，默认字典会提供一个默认值，而不是引发异常
# 有默认值的字典，可以跳过初始化的过程，直接进行赋值
from collections import defaultdict
dic = defaultdict(int) # int默认0
print(dic['a'], type(dic['a']))  # 0 <class 'int'>

dic = defaultdict(float)  # float默认0.0
print(dic['a'], type(dic['a']))  # 0.0 <class 'float'>

dic = defaultdict(list)  # list默认空列表[]
print(dic['a'], type(dic['a']))  # [] <class 'list'>

dic = defaultdict(tuple)  # tuple默认空元组()
print(dic['a'], type(dic['a']))  # () <class 'tuple'>

dic = defaultdict(str)  # str默认空字符串
print(dic['a'], type(dic['a']))  #  <class 'str'>

d = defaultdict(list)
d['a'].append(1)
print(d)  # defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'a': [1]})
print(d.items())  # dict_items([('a', [1])])
print(d.keys())  # dict_keys(['a'])
print(d.values())  # dict_values([[1]])
for k, v in d.items():
    print(k, v)  # a [1]