UDP的Linux C实现

本文翻译自: How to implement UDP sockets in C

UDP不同于TCP，是一种无连接协议，在发送或接收数据之前不需要进行握手操作，这简化了执行。

1.服务器端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main(void)
{
    int socket_desc;
    struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr;
    char server_message[2000], client_message[2000];
    int client_struct_length = sizeof(client_addr);
    
    // Clean buffers:
    memset(server_message, '\0', sizeof(server_message));
    memset(client_message, '\0', sizeof(client_message));
    
    // Create UDP socket:
    socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
    
    if(socket_desc < 0){
        printf("Error while creating socket\n");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Socket created successfully\n");
    
    // Set port and IP:
    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
    server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
    
    // Bind to the set port and IP:
    if(bind(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0){
        printf("Couldn't bind to the port\n");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Done with binding\n");
    
    printf("Listening for incoming messages...\n\n");
    
    // Receive client's message:
    if (recvfrom(socket_desc, client_message, sizeof(client_message), 0,
         (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_struct_length) < 0){
        printf("Couldn't receive\n");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Received message from IP: %s and port: %i\n",
           inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
    
    printf("Msg from client: %s\n", client_message);
    
    // Respond to client:
    strcpy(server_message, client_message);
    
    if (sendto(socket_desc, server_message, strlen(server_message), 0,
         (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, client_struct_length) < 0){
        printf("Can't send\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    // Close the socket:
    close(socket_desc);
    
    return 0;
}

解释:
需要包括以下两个头文件:

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

创建一个套接字，返回一个套接字描述符，这被用于指代码后面的套接字:

int socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);

服务端的代码将服务器和客户端的地址信息保存在变量server_addr（一个sockaddr_in类型的结构体变量）。利用端口号和IP地址初始化服务器地址:

struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

将套接字描述符和服务器地址绑定:

bind(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr);

不同于TCP，服务端不会等待客户端的连接，因此不会优先接收客户端的地址以便发送和接收数据。服务端使用recvfrom()函数接收数据时，它才会接收客户端的信息:

int client_struct_length = sizeof(client_addr);

recvfrom(socket_desc, client_message, sizeof(client_message), 0,(struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_struct_length);

客户端的信息，存储在结构体sockaddr_in类型的变量client_addr中，然后被用于向同样的客户端发送数据:

sendto(socket_desc, server_message, strlen(server_message), 0,(struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, client_struct_length);

关闭套接字以结束通信

close(socket_desc);

2.客户端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main(void)
{
    int socket_desc;
    struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
    char server_message[2000], client_message[2000];
    int server_struct_length = sizeof(server_addr);
    
    // Clean buffers:
    memset(server_message, '\0', sizeof(server_message));
    memset(client_message, '\0', sizeof(client_message));
    
    // Create socket:
    socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
    
    if(socket_desc < 0){
        printf("Error while creating socket\n");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Socket created successfully\n");
    
    // Set port and IP:
    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
    server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
    
    // Get input from the user:
    printf("Enter message: ");
    gets(client_message);
    
    // Send the message to server:
    if(sendto(socket_desc, client_message, strlen(client_message), 0,
         (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, server_struct_length) < 0){
        printf("Unable to send message\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    // Receive the server's response:
    if(recvfrom(socket_desc, server_message, sizeof(server_message), 0,
         (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, &server_struct_length) < 0){
        printf("Error while receiving server's msg\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    printf("Server's response: %s\n", server_message);
    
    // Close the socket:
    close(socket_desc);
    
    return 0;
}

解释:
包括头文件，创建套接字，并且在一个sockaddr_in类型的变量中初始化服务器地址信息(与在服务器端完成的方式类似):

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);

struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

不同于TCP，当客户端使用sendto()和recvfrom()发送和接收数据，每次都要给出服务器的信息:

sendto(socket_desc, client_message, strlen(client_message), 0, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, server_struct_length);

recvfrom(socket_desc, server_message, sizeof(server_message), 0,(struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, &server_struct_length);

如果客户端和服务器都在recvfrom()上等待对方的消息，就会发生死锁。

工作流程: