Chapter 8 Functions

8.1 Defining a Function

def greet_user():
    '''Display a simple greeting.''' #docstring，描述函数功能
    print("Hello!")

greet_user()  #调用call

冒号

8.1.1 Passing Information to a Function

def greet(username):
    '''Display a simple greeting.'''
    print(f"Hello，{username.title()}!")

greet('jesse') #引号

information如果是字符串形式，应该要加引号

8.1.2 Parameters and Arguments 形参和实参

如上例中，变量名username为形参parameters，值’jesse’为实参arguments。

8.2 Passing Arguments 传递实参

8.2.1 Positional Arguments 位置实参

the right order (输入时会有形参提示)

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
	"""Display information about a pet."""
	print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
	print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')

8.2.2 Keyword Arguments

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
	"""Display information about a pet."""
	print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
	print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
 
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')

8.2.3 Default Values

def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('Billy')

8.3 Return Values

8.3.1 Returning a Simple Value

The definition of return values

8.3.2 Making an Argument Optional

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''): #' '为空字符串
    """Return a full name, neatly formatted."""
    if middle_name:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    else:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)

要将可选的argument放在最后。
’ '为空字符串。作为初始值，

8.3.4 Returnig a Dictionary

8.4 Using Function with a while Loop

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
    """Return a full name, neatly formatted."""
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()


while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
    print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")

    f_name = input("First name: ")
    if f_name == 'q':
        break

    l_name = input("Last name: ")
    if l_name == 'q':
        break

    formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
    print(f"\nHello, {formatted_name}!")

8.5 Passing a List

def greet_users(names):
	"""Print a simple greeting to each user in the list."""
	for name in names:
	msg = f"Hello, {name.title()}!"
	print(msg)

usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)

8.5.1 Modifying a List in a Function

8.5.2 Preventing a Function from Modifying a List

8.6 Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments

def make_pizza(*toppings):
	"""Print the list of toppings that have been requested."""
	print(toppings)
 
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.1 Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments

一个星号*
make an empty tuple
Arbitrary arguments放在最后。

def make_pizza(size, *toppings): 
	"""Summarize the pizza we are about to make."""
	print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:") 
	for topping in toppings: 
	print(f"- {topping}") 
 
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.2 Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments

两个星号**
create an empty dictionary，输入name-value pairs

8.7 Storing Your Functions in Modules模块

8.7.1 Importing an Entire Module

pizza.py

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
    """Summarize the pizza we are about to make."""
    print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print(f"- {topping}")

making_pizzas.py

import pizza

pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') # 文件名.函数名()
pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.7.2 Importing Specific Functions

from module_name import function_name

from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2

使用时直接用函数名，而不需要“文件名.函数名()”

8.7.3 Using as to Give a Function an Alias

为避免函数重名导致的confuse，或嫌函数名太长。

from pizza import make_pizza as mp

mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

即

from module_name import function_name as fn

8.7.4 Using as to Give a Module an Alias

嫌module名字过长：

import pizza as p

p.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
p.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

import module_name as mn

8.7.5 Importing All Functions in a Module

使用*
导入全部函数的优点：调用时不用加“函数名. ”
缺点：导入的函数可能会和project中的函数重名
最好的方法还是仅导入需要的函数，或导入模块。这会使得代码更易读。

from pizza import *

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.8 Styling Functions

模块名、函数名应为描述性的。

每个函数都应有comment，就在def行下面。使用 ‘’’ ‘’’ 格式。目标是：其他人仅读comment就会使用这个函数。

default value赋值号两侧不应有空格

def function_name(parameter_0, parameter_1='default value')

使用时也一样不能有空格：

function_name(value_0, parameter_1='value')

如果def行parameters很多，应写作如下格式：

def function_name(
		parameter_0, parameter_1, parameter_2,
		parameter_3, parameter_4, parameter_5):
	function body...

如果程序或模块中有超过一个函数，每个函数之间可空两行。

import statements应写在file的开头，comments之后。