Scrapy绕过反爬虫策略

绕过反爬虫策略

1. 动态设置User-Agent

# 方法1：
# 	修改setting.py中的User-Agent
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36'

# 方法2: 
#	修改setting中的DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36'
 }

2. 禁用cookie

也就是不启用cookies middleware，不向Server发送cookies，有些网站通过cookie的使用发现爬虫行为
可以通过COOKIES_ENABLED控制 CookiesMiddleware 开启或关闭
除非特殊需要，可以禁用cookies，防止某些网站根据Cookie来封锁爬虫。
COOKIES_ENABLED = False

3. 设置延迟下载

防止访问过于频繁，设置为 3秒 或更高
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3

4. 自定义中间件设置User-Agent和IP代理池

4.1 修改settings 配置USER_AGENTS 和PROXIES

# 添加USER_AGENTS：
USER_AGENTS = [
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5"
]

# 添加代理IP设置PROXIES：
# 免费代理IP可以网上搜索（免费的不太稳定），或者付费购买一批可用的私密代理IP：
PROXIES = [
    {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123'},
    {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80'},
    {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80'},
    {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088'},
]

4.2 创建中间件

import random
from settings import USER_AGENTS
from settings import PROXIES

# 随机的User-Agent
class RandomUserAgent(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        useragent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
        request.headers.setdefault("User-Agent", useragent)


# 随机代理IP
class RandomProxy(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
        request.meta['proxy'] = "https://" + proxy['ip_port']

4.3 配置中间件

# 最后设置setting.py里的DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES，添加自己编写的下载中间件类
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    #'mySpider.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
    'mySpider.middlewares.RandomUserAgent': 81,
    'mySpider.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 100
}