Scala中的模式匹配,类似于Java中的switch case语法,即对一个值进行条件判断,然后针对不同的条件,进行不同的处理。但是Scala的模式匹配不仅能对值进行匹配,还可以对类型进行匹配,对case class(样例类)进行匹配,甚至对有值或没值(option)进行匹配。
一.语法:
变量 match{case 值 => 代码}。如果值为下划线,则代表不满足以上所有情况下的默认情况如何处理,而且Scala中的case分支后不需要使用break阻止。
案例:成绩评价
def judgeGrade(grade:String){
grade match{
case "A" => println("excellent")
case "B" => println("good")
case "C" => println("just so so")
case _ => println("you need to work harder")
}
}
case后的条件判断,不仅可以提供一个值,还可以在值后面再加一个if守卫,进行双重过滤
案例:成绩评价(升级版)
def judgeGrade(name:String,grade:String){
grade match{
case "A" => println(name + ",you are excellent")
case "B" => println(name + "you are good")
case "C" => println(name + "you are just so so")
case _ if name == "xiaoming" => println(name + ",you are a good boy,come on")
case _ => println("you need to work harder")
}
}
scala模式匹配中,可以将模式匹配的默认情况,下划线,替换为一个变量名,此时模式匹配语法就会将要匹配的值赋值给这个变量,从而可以在后面的处理中使用要匹配的值
def judgeGrade(grade:String){
grade match{
case "A" => println("you got A grade,excelllent")
case "B" => println("you got B grade,good")
case "C" => println("you got C grade,just so so")
case badGrade => println("you got " + badGrade + " grade,I hope that you can get C grade next time")
}
}
二.对类型进行模式匹配
类型匹配要用”case 变量: 类型 => 代码“这种语法
案例:异常处理
import java.io._
def processException(e:Exception){
e match{
case e1:IllegalArgumentException => println("you passed illegal argument.exception is : " + e1)
case e2:FileNotFoundException => println("canot found the file.exception is : " + e2)
case e3:IOException => println("io error occurs.exception is : " + e3)
case _:Exception => println("exception occurs.")
}
}
三.对Array和List进行模式匹配
对Array进行模式匹配,分别可以匹配带有指定元素的数组,带有指定个数元素的数组,以某元素打头的数组
对List进行模式匹配,与Array类似,但是需要使用List特有的::操作符
案例:对朋友打招呼
//对Array模式匹配
def greeting1(arr:Array[String]){
arr match{
case Array("xiaoming") => println("Hi,xiaoming")
case Array(girl1,girl2,girl3) => println("Hi,girls,nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)
case Array("xiaoming",_*) => println("Hi ,xiaoming,please introduce your friends to me.")
case _ => println("hey,who are you?")
}
}
//对List模式匹配
def greeting2(list:List[String]){
list match{
case "xiaoming" :: Nil => println("hi,xiaoming")
case girl1 :: girl2 :: girl3 :: Nil => println("Hi,girls,nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)
case "xiaoming" :: tail => println("Hi ,xiaoming,please introduce your friends to me.")
case _ => println("hey,who are you?")
}
}
四.case class模式匹配
Scala中提供了一种特殊的类,用case class进行声明。类似于Java中的JavaBean的概念,即只定义field,并且由Scala编译时自动提供getter和setter方法,但是没有method。
case class的主构造函数接受的参数通常不需要使用var或val修饰,Scala自动就会使用val修饰(如果自己使用var修饰,会按照var修饰)
Scala自动为case class定义了伴生对象,也就是object,并且定义了apply()方法,该方法接收主构造函数中相同的参数,并返回case class对象。
案例:学校门禁:
class Person
case class Teacher(name:String,subject:String) extends Person
case class Student(name:String,classroom:String) extends Person
def judgeIdentify(p:Person){
p match{
//主构造函数不需要使用var或val修饰
case Teacher(name,subject) => println("Teacher,name is " + name + "subjects is " + subject)
case Student(name,classroom) => println("Studnet,name is " + name + "classroom is " + classroom)
case _ => println("Illegal access,please go out the school")
}
}
调用:
val tom:Person = Student("tom",class1) 自动定义了apply()方法,所以可以直接调用
val xiaoming:Teacher = Teacher("xiaoming","Math")
judgeIdentify(tom)
Student,name is tom,your classroom is class1.
五.Option与模式匹配
Scala有一种特殊的类型,叫做Option。Option有两种值,一种是Some,一种是None(表示没有值)。
Option通常用于模式匹配中,用于判断某个变量是有值还是没有值,这比Null来的更加简洁明了。
案例:成绩查询
val grades = Map("xiaoming" -> "A","Jack" -> "B","ben" -> "C")
def getGrade(name:String){
val grade = grade.get(name)
grade match{
case Some(grade) => println("your grade is " + grade)
case None => println("Sorry,your grade information is not in the system")
}
}