设计模式——观察者模式（附代码示例）

一. 传统方式

以天气预报以公告形式发送给第三方为例

1. 代码示例

        CurrentConditions类，显示当前天气情况

public class CurrentConditions {
    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    //更新，第三方调用，推送
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("今天的气温 " + temperature);
        System.out.println("今天的气压 " + pressure);
        System.out.println("今天的湿度 " + humidity);
    }
}

        WeatherData类，含有CurrentConditions对象；当数据更新时就调用update方法

public class WeatherData {
    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;
    private CurrentConditions currentConditions;

    public WeatherData(CurrentConditions currentConditions) {
        this.currentConditions = currentConditions;
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }


    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }


    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }


    public void dataChange(){
        currentConditions.update(getTemperature(),getPressure(),getHumidity());
    }
    //当数据有更新时调用
    public void setData(float temperature,float pressure,float humidity){
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        //将最新的信息推送给第三方
        dataChange();
    }
}

         Client类，客户端

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(currentConditions);

        weatherData.setData(32,150,40);
        System.out.println("=====天气情况变化=====");
        weatherData.setData(34,155,44);
    }
}

  

2. 传统方式问题分析

        在WeatherData中，当增加一个第三方，就需要创建一个对应的第三方的公告板对象，并加入到dataChange, 不利于维护，也不是动态加入，违反了ocp原则。故引出观察者模式。

二. 观察者模式

1. 概念

        观察者模式，对象之间多对一依赖的一种设计方案，被依赖的对象为Subject，依赖的对象为Observer, Subject通知Observer变化，比如气象站是Subject, 是1的一方；第三方是Observer, 是多的一方。

       

Subject: 登记注册、移除和通知

        registerObserver：注册

        removeObserver：移除

        notifyObservers：通知所有的注册的用户，根据不同需求，可以是更新数据，让用户来取，也可能是实施推送，看具体需求定

 

Observer：接收输入

2. 代码示例

类图

         Observer接口，抽象的观察者

public interface Observer {
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity);
}

         Subject接口，抽象定义登记注册、移除和通知

public interface Subject {
    public void registerObserver(Observer o);
    public void removeObserver(Observer o);
    public void notifyObserver();
}

         WeatherData类，实现Subject接口，含有观察者集合，用ArrayList管理，当数据更新时就调用update方法

public class WeatherData implements Subject{
    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;
    private ArrayList<Observer> observers;

    public WeatherData() {
       observers = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }


    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }


    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }


    public void dataChange(){
        notifyObserver();
    }
    //当数据有更新时调用
    public void setData(float temperature,float pressure,float humidity){
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        //将最新的信息推送给第三方
        dataChange();
    }
    //注册一个观察者
    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.add(o);
    }
    //移除一个观察者
    @Override
    public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
        if(observers.contains(o)) {
            observers.remove(o);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObserver() {
        for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
            observers.get(i).update(this.temperature,this.pressure,this.humidity);
        }
    }
}

        CurrentConditions类，实现Observer接口，显示当前天气情况

public class CurrentConditions implements Observer{
    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    //更新，第三方调用，推送
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("***********气象台************");
        System.out.println("今天的气温 " + temperature);
        System.out.println("今天的气压 " + pressure);
        System.out.println("今天的湿度 " + humidity);
    }
}

3. 与传统方式对比

        观察者模式设计后，会以集合的方式来管理用户(Observer)， 包括注册，移除和通知。当增加观察者时，就不需要去修改核心类WeatherData，遵守了ocp原则。如下，新增BD第三方

public class BD implements Observer{
    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    //更新，第三方调用，推送
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("***********百度************");
        System.out.println("百度的气温 " + temperature);
        System.out.println("百度的气压 " + pressure);
        System.out.println("百度的湿度 " + humidity);
    }
}

         Client类

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();

        CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
        weatherData.registerObserver(currentConditions);

        System.out.println("通过各个注册的观察者");
        weatherData.setData(26,140,30);
        System.out.println("======================================");
        System.out.println("新增百度第三方观察者，通过各个注册的观察者");
        BD bd = new BD();
        weatherData.registerObserver(bd);
        weatherData.setData(26,140,30);
    }
}