关于浅拷贝，深拷贝以及深拷贝的实现方法

浅拷⻉：

浅拷⻉会在堆上创建⼀个新的对象（区别于引⽤拷⻉的⼀点），不过，如果原对象内部的属性是引⽤类型的话，浅拷⻉会直接复制内部对象的引⽤地址，也就是说拷⻉对象和原对象共⽤同⼀个内部对象。

深拷⻉ ：

深拷⻉会完全复制整个对象，包括这个对象所包含的内部对象。

我们知道在Java中存在这个接口Cloneable，实现该接口的类都会具备被拷贝的能力。

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如何实现深拷贝（深克隆）？

示例代码

class Person implements Cloneable {
    String name;
    int age;
    Address address;

    public Person(String name, int age, Address address) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Person clonedPerson = (Person) super.clone();
        clonedPerson.address = (Address) this.address.clone();
        return clonedPerson;
    }
}

class Address implements Cloneable {
    String city;
    String state;

    public Address(String city, String state) {
        this.city = city;
        this.state = state;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return (Address) super.clone();
    }
}

public class DeepCopyExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Address address = new Address("San Francisco", "CA");
        Person person1 = new Person("John", 30, address);

        Person person2 = (Person) person1.clone();

        System.out.println("Person1 address: " + person1.address.city); // 输出: San Francisco
        System.out.println("Person2 address: " + person2.address.city); // 输出: San Francisco

        person2.address.city = "Los Angeles";

        System.out.println("Person1 address after modification: " + person1.address.city); // 输出: San Francisco
        System.out.println("Person2 address after modification: " + person2.address.city); // 输出: Los Angeles
    }
}

注意以上是实现了cloneable接口。当然这种方法实在是太过于麻烦了。使用序列化来深克隆一个对象要简单得多，尤其是成员变量中有很多引用类型的时候。

使用序列化和反序列化来深拷贝一个对象

import java.io.*;

// 地址类实现Serializable接口
class Address implements Serializable {
    String city;
    String state;

    public Address(String city, String state) {
        this.city = city;
        this.state = state;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return city + ", " + state;
    }
}

// 人类实现Serializable接口
class Person implements Serializable {
    String name;
    int age;
    Address address;

    public Person(String name, int age, Address address) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.address = address;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " (" + age + "), " + address;
    }

    // 使用序列化进行深拷贝
    public Person deepCopy() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // 将对象写入字节流
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
        oos.writeObject(this);
        oos.flush();
        oos.close();

        // 从字节流读取对象
        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
        ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);
        return (Person) ois.readObject();
    }
}

public class DeepCopyUsingSerialization {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Address address = new Address("San Francisco", "CA");
            Person person1 = new Person("John", 30, address);

            // 深拷贝person1
            Person person2 = person1.deepCopy();

            System.out.println("Person1: " + person1); // 输出: John (30), San Francisco, CA
            System.out.println("Person2: " + person2); // 输出: John (30), San Francisco, CA

            // 修改person2的地址
            person2.address.city = "Los Angeles";

            System.out.println("Person1 after modification: " + person1); // 输出: John (30), San Francisco, CA
            System.out.println("Person2 after modification: " + person2); // 输出: John (30), Los Angeles, CA
        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

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