输入输出优化

read函数（scanf效率的2倍）：

int read() {
    int ret = 0, sgn = 0, ch = getchar();
    while (!isdigit(ch)) sgn |= ch == '-', ch = getchar();
    while (isdigit(ch)) ret = ret * 10 + ch - '0', ch = getchar();
    return sgn ? -ret : ret;
}

read函数优化（scanf效率的3倍）：

const int SIZE = 1 << 14;
char getc() {
    static char buf[SIZE], *begin = buf, *end = buf;
    if (begin == end) begin = buf, end = buf + fread(buf, 1, SIZE, stdin);
    return *begin ++ ;
}
int read() {
    int ret = 0, sgn = 0, ch = getc();
    while (!isdigit(ch)) sgn |= ch == '-', ch = getc();
    while (isdigit(ch)) ret = ret * 10 + ch - '0', ch = getc();
    return sgn ? -ret : ret;
}

注:scanf的输入效率是未开流同步cin的4倍