net/http库web工作原理阅读

简介

go语言中的网络编程主要通过net包实现，net包提供了网络I/O接口，包括HTTP、TCP/IP、UDP、域名解析和Unix域socket等。和大多数语言一样go可以使用几行代码便可以启动一个服务器，但是得益于goroutine的配合go实现的服务器拥有强大并发处理能力。

Go中HTTP服务处理流程

HTTP

网络发展，很多网络应用都是构建再 HTTP 服务基础之上。HTTP 协议从诞生到现在，发展从1.0，1.1到2.0也不断再进步。除去细节，理解 HTTP 构建的网络应用只要关注两个端—客户端（clinet）和服务端（server），两个端的交互来自 clinet 的 request，以及server端的response。所谓的http服务器，主要在于如何接受 clinet 的 request，并向client返回response。

两者的交互主要是client的request以及server的response,主要就在于如何接受client的request并向client返回response。

流程为：

Clinet -> Requests ->  [Multiplexer(router) -> handler  -> Response -> Clinet

Handler

Golang没有继承，类多态的方式可以通过接口实现。所谓接口则是定义声明了函数签名，任何结构只要实现了与接口函数签名相同的方法，就等同于实现了接口。go的http服务都是基于handler进行处理。

type Handler interface {
    ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}

任何结构体，只要实现了ServeHTTP方法，这个结构就可以称之为handler对象。ServeMux会使用handler并调用其ServeHTTP方法处理请求并返回响应。

SeverMux

ServeMux结构中最重要的字段为m，这是一个map，key是一些url模式，value是一个muxEntry结构，后者里定义存储了具体的url模式和handler。

type ServeMux struct {
    mu    sync.RWMutex
    m     map[string]muxEntry
    hosts bool 
}

type muxEntry struct {
    explicit bool
    h        Handler
    pattern  string
}

Sever

从http.ListenAndServe的源码可以看出，它创建了一个server对象，并调用server对象的ListenAndServe方法：

func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
    server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
    return server.ListenAndServe()
}

server结构存储了服务器处理请求常见的字段。其中Handler字段也保留Handler接口。如果Server接口没有提供Handler结构对象，那么会使用DefautServeMux做multiplexer，后面再做分析。

type Server struct {
    Addr         string        
    Handler      Handler       
    ReadTimeout  time.Duration 
    WriteTimeout time.Duration 
    TLSConfig    *tls.Config   

    MaxHeaderBytes int

    TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)

    ConnState func(net.Conn, ConnState)
    ErrorLog *log.Logger
    disableKeepAlives int32     nextProtoOnce     sync.Once 
    nextProtoErr      error     
}

Router Register

创建一个http服务，大致需要经历两个过程，首先需要注册路由，即提供url模式和handler函数的映射，其次就是实例化一个server对象，并开启对客户端的监听。即注册路由

http.HandleFunc("/", indexHandler)

net/http包暴露的注册路由的api很简单，http.HandleFunc选取了DefaultServeMux作为multiplexer：

func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
    DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)
}

DefaultServeMux是ServeMux的一个实例。http包也提供了NewServeMux方法创建一个ServeMux实例，默认则创建一个DefaultServeMux：

// NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.
func NewServeMux() *ServeMux { return new(ServeMux) }

// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux

var defaultServeMux ServeMux

DefaultServeMux的HandleFunc(pattern, handler)方法实际是定义在ServeMux下的：

// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
    mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler))
}

HandlerFunc是一个函数类型。同时实现了Handler接口的ServeHTTP方法。使用HandlerFunc类型包装一下路由定义的indexHandler函数，其目的就是为了让这个函数也实现ServeHTTP方法，即转变成一个handler处理器(函数)。

type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)

// ServeHTTP calls f(w, r).
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
    f(w, r)
}

ServeMux的Handle方法，将会对pattern和handler函数做一个map映射：

// Handle registers the handler for the given pattern.
// If a handler already exists for pattern, Handle panics.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
    mux.mu.Lock()
    defer mux.mu.Unlock()

    if pattern == "" {
        panic("http: invalid pattern " + pattern)
    }
    if handler == nil {
        panic("http: nil handler")
    }
    if mux.m[pattern].explicit {
        panic("http: multiple registrations for " + pattern)
    }

    if mux.m == nil {
        mux.m = make(map[string]muxEntry)
    }
    mux.m[pattern] = muxEntry{explicit: true, h: handler, pattern: pattern}

    if pattern[0] != '/' {
        mux.hosts = true
    }

    // Helpful behavior:
    // If pattern is /tree/, insert an implicit permanent redirect for /tree.
    // It can be overridden by an explicit registration.
    n := len(pattern)
    if n > 0 && pattern[n-1] == '/' && !mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]].explicit {
        // If pattern contains a host name, strip it and use remaining
        // path for redirect.
        path := pattern
        if pattern[0] != '/' {
            // In pattern, at least the last character is a '/', so
            // strings.Index can't be -1.
            path = pattern[strings.Index(pattern, "/"):]
        }
        url := &url.URL{Path: path}
        mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]] = muxEntry{h: RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern: pattern}
    }
}

Handle函数的主要目的在于把handler和pattern模式绑定到map[string]muxEntry的map上，其中muxEntry保存了更多pattern和handler的信息，还记得前面讨论的Server结构吗？Server的m字段就是map[string]muxEntry这样一个map。

此时，pattern和handler的路由注册完成。接下来就是如何开始server的监听，以接收客户端的请求。

注册好路由之后，启动web服务还需要开启服务器监听。http的ListenAndServer方法中可以看到创建了一个Server对象，并调用了Server对象的同名方法：

func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
    server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
    return server.ListenAndServe()
}
// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then
// calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
// If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
    addr := srv.Addr
    if addr == "" {
        addr = ":http"
    }
    ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
}

Server的ListenAndServe方法中，会初始化监听地址Addr，同时调用Listen方法设置监听。最后将监听的TCP对象传入Serve方法：

// Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a
// new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and
// then call srv.Handler to reply to them.
//
// For HTTP/2 support, srv.TLSConfig should be initialized to the
// provided listener's TLS Config before calling Serve. If
// srv.TLSConfig is non-nil and doesn't include the string "h2" in
// Config.NextProtos, HTTP/2 support is not enabled.
//
// Serve always returns a non-nil error. After Shutdown or Close, the
// returned error is ErrServerClosed.
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
    defer l.Close()
    if fn := testHookServerServe; fn != nil {
        fn(srv, l)
    }
    var tempDelay time.Duration // how long to sleep on accept failure

    if err := srv.setupHTTP2_Serve(); err != nil {
        return err
    }

    srv.trackListener(l, true)
    defer srv.trackListener(l, false)

    baseCtx := context.Background() // base is always background, per Issue 16220
    ctx := context.WithValue(baseCtx, ServerContextKey, srv)
    for {
        rw, e := l.Accept()
        if e != nil {
            select {
            case <-srv.getDoneChan():
                return ErrServerClosed
            default:
            }
            if ne, ok := e.(net.Error); ok && ne.Temporary() {
                if tempDelay == 0 {
                    tempDelay = 5 * time.Millisecond
                } else {
                    tempDelay *= 2
                }
                if max := 1 * time.Second; tempDelay > max {
                    tempDelay = max
                }
                srv.logf("http: Accept error: %v; retrying in %v", e, tempDelay)
                time.Sleep(tempDelay)
                continue
            }
            return e
        }
        tempDelay = 0
        c := srv.newConn(rw)
        c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
        go c.serve(ctx)
    }
}

监听开启之后，一旦客户端请求到底，go就开启一个协程处理请求，主要逻辑都在serve方法之中。

serve方法比较长，其主要职能就是，创建一个上下文对象，然后调用Listener的Accept方法用来　获取连接数据并使用newConn方法创建连接对象。最后使用goroutein协程的方式处理连接请求。因为每一个连接都开起了一个协程，请求的上下文都不同，同时又保证了go的高并发。

// Serve a new connection.
func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
    c.remoteAddr = c.rwc.RemoteAddr().String()
    ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, LocalAddrContextKey, c.rwc.LocalAddr())
    defer func() {
        if err := recover(); err != nil && err != ErrAbortHandler {
            const size = 64 << 10
            buf := make([]byte, size)
            buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
            c.server.logf("http: panic serving %v: %v\n%s", c.remoteAddr, err, buf)
        }
        if !c.hijacked() {
            c.close()
            c.setState(c.rwc, StateClosed)
        }
    }()

    if tlsConn, ok := c.rwc.(*tls.Conn); ok {
        if d := c.server.ReadTimeout; d != 0 {
            c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
        }
        if d := c.server.WriteTimeout; d != 0 {
            c.rwc.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
        }
        if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
            c.server.logf("http: TLS handshake error from %s: %v", c.rwc.RemoteAddr(), err)
            return
        }
        c.tlsState = new(tls.ConnectionState)
        *c.tlsState = tlsConn.ConnectionState()
        if proto := c.tlsState.NegotiatedProtocol; validNPN(proto) {
            if fn := c.server.TLSNextProto[proto]; fn != nil {
                h := initNPNRequest{tlsConn, serverHandler{c.server}}
                fn(c.server, tlsConn, h)
            }
            return
        }
    }

    // HTTP/1.x from here on.

    ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
    c.cancelCtx = cancelCtx
    defer cancelCtx()

    c.r = &connReader{conn: c}
    c.bufr = newBufioReader(c.r)
    c.bufw = newBufioWriterSize(checkConnErrorWriter{c}, 4<<10)

    for {
        w, err := c.readRequest(ctx)
        if c.r.remain != c.server.initialReadLimitSize() {
            // If we read any bytes off the wire, we're active.
            c.setState(c.rwc, StateActive)
        }
        if err != nil {
            const errorHeaders = "\r\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n"

            if err == errTooLarge {
                // Their HTTP client may or may not be
                // able to read this if we're
                // responding to them and hanging up
                // while they're still writing their
                // request. Undefined behavior.
                const publicErr = "431 Request Header Fields Too Large"
                fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
                c.closeWriteAndWait()
                return
            }
            if isCommonNetReadError(err) {
                return // don't reply
            }

            publicErr := "400 Bad Request"
            if v, ok := err.(badRequestError); ok {
                publicErr = publicErr + ": " + string(v)
            }

            fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
            return
        }

        // Expect 100 Continue support
        req := w.req
        if req.expectsContinue() {
            if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && req.ContentLength != 0 {
                // Wrap the Body reader with one that replies on the connection
                req.Body = &expectContinueReader{readCloser: req.Body, resp: w}
            }
        } else if req.Header.get("Expect") != "" {
            w.sendExpectationFailed()
            return
        }

        c.curReq.Store(w)

        if requestBodyRemains(req.Body) {
            registerOnHitEOF(req.Body, w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead)
        } else {
            if w.conn.bufr.Buffered() > 0 {
                w.conn.r.closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest()
            }
            w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead()
        }

        // HTTP cannot have multiple simultaneous active requests.[*]
        // Until the server replies to this request, it can't read another,
        // so we might as well run the handler in this goroutine.
        // [*] Not strictly true: HTTP pipelining. We could let them all process
        // in parallel even if their responses need to be serialized.
        // But we're not going to implement HTTP pipelining because it
        // was never deployed in the wild and the answer is HTTP/2.
        serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
        w.cancelCtx()
        if c.hijacked() {
            return
        }
        w.finishRequest()
        if !w.shouldReuseConnection() {
            if w.requestBodyLimitHit || w.closedRequestBodyEarly() {
                c.closeWriteAndWait()
            }
            return
        }
        c.setState(c.rwc, StateIdle)
        c.curReq.Store((*response)(nil))

        if !w.conn.server.doKeepAlives() {
            // We're in shutdown mode. We might've replied
            // to the user without "Connection: close" and
            // they might think they can send another
            // request, but such is life with HTTP/1.1.
            return
        }

        if d := c.server.idleTimeout(); d != 0 {
            c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
            if _, err := c.bufr.Peek(4); err != nil {
                return
            }
        }
        c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
    }
}

使用defer定义了函数退出时，连接关闭相关的处理。然后就是读取连接的网络数据，并处理读取完毕时候的状态。接下来就是调用serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)方法处理请求了。最后就是请求处理完毕的逻辑。serverHandler是一个重要的结构，它近有一个字段，即Server结构，同时它也实现了Handler接口方法ServeHTTP，并在该接口方法中做了一个重要的事情，初始化multiplexer路由多路复用器。如果server对象没有指定Handler，则使用默认的DefaultServeMux作为路由Multiplexer。并调用初始化Handler的ServeHTTP方法。

// serverHandler delegates to either the server's Handler or
// DefaultServeMux and also handles "OPTIONS *" requests.
type serverHandler struct {
    srv *Server
}

func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
    handler := sh.srv.Handler
    if handler == nil {
        handler = DefaultServeMux
    }
    if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
        handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
    }
    handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

这里DefaultServeMux的ServeHTTP方法其实也是定义在ServeMux结构中的

// Find a handler on a handler map given a path string.
// Most-specific (longest) pattern wins.
func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    // Check for exact match first.
    v, ok := mux.m[path]
    if ok {
        return v.h, v.pattern
    }

    // Check for longest valid match.
    var n = 0
    for k, v := range mux.m {
        if !pathMatch(k, path) {
            continue
        }
        if h == nil || len(k) > n {
            n = len(k)
            h = v.h
            pattern = v.pattern
        }
    }
    return
}
func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {

    // CONNECT requests are not canonicalized.
    if r.Method == "CONNECT" {
        return mux.handler(r.Host, r.URL.Path)
    }

    // All other requests have any port stripped and path cleaned
    // before passing to mux.handler.
    host := stripHostPort(r.Host)
    path := cleanPath(r.URL.Path)
    if path != r.URL.Path {
        _, pattern = mux.handler(host, path)
        url := *r.URL
        url.Path = path
        return RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern
    }

    return mux.handler(host, r.URL.Path)
}

// handler is the main implementation of Handler.
// The path is known to be in canonical form, except for CONNECT methods.
func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    mux.mu.RLock()
    defer mux.mu.RUnlock()

    // Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
    if mux.hosts {
        h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = mux.match(path)
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), ""
    }
    return
}

// ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose
// pattern most closely matches the request URL.
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
    if r.RequestURI == "*" {
        if r.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
            w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
        }
        w.WriteHeader(StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }
    h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
    h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

mux的ServeHTTP方法通过调用其Handler方法寻找注册到路由上的handler函数，并调用该函数的ServeHTTP方法.

mux的Handler方法对URL简单的处理，然后调用handler方法，后者会创建一个锁，同时调用match方法返回一个handler和pattern。

在match方法中，mux的m字段是map[string]muxEntry图，后者存储了pattern和handler处理器函数，因此通过迭代m寻找出注册路由的patten模式与实际url匹配的handler函数并返回。

返回的结构一直传递到mux的ServeHTTP方法，接下来调用handler函数的ServeHTTP方法，即IndexHandler函数，然后把response写到http.RequestWirter对象返回给客户端。

上述函数运行结束即serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)运行结束。接下来就是对请求处理完毕之后上希望和连接断开的相关逻辑。

HTTP客户端工具

net/http不仅提供了服务端处理，还提供了客户端处理功能。http包中提供了Get、Post、Head、PostForm方法实现HTTP请求：

GET

//GET

func Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error) {
    return DefaultClient.Get(url)
}

POST

//POST

func Post(url string, contentType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error) {
    return DefaultClient.Post(url, contentType, body)
}

HEAD

//HEAD

func Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error) {
    return DefaultClient.Head(url)
}

POSTFORM

//POSTFORM

func PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error) {
    return DefaultClient.PostForm(url, data)
}

参考资料

Golang构建HTTP服务（一）— net/http库源码笔记
Go 源码学习之–net/http
go语言之行–网络编程、http处理流程详情