1 extends
scala中,让子类继承父类,与java一样,也是使用extends关键字
继承就代表,子类可以从父类继承父类的field和method;然后子类可以在自己内部放入父类所没有,子类特有的field和method;使用继承可以有效复用代码
子类可以覆盖父类的field和method;但是如果父类用final修饰,field和method用final修饰,则该类是无法被继承的,field和method是无法被覆盖的。
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
private var name = "leo"
def getName = name
}
class Student extends Person{
private var score = "A"
def getScore = score
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@73302995
scala> s.getScore
res0: String = A
scala> s.getName
res1: String = leo
#私有的只能再当前类可用,在类的外部,不能访问
scala> s.score
<console>:15: error: variable score in class Student cannot be accessed in Student
s.score
^
scala>
不设置private
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
val name = "leo"
}
class Student extends Person{
val score = "A"
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@7c3ebc6b
scala> s.name
res3: String = leo
2 override和super
scala中,如果子类需要覆盖一个父类中的非抽象方法,则必须使用override关键字
override关键字可以帮助我们尽早地发现代码里的错误,比如:override修饰的父类方法的方法名我们拼写错了;比如要覆盖的父类方法的参数我们写错了;等等
此外,在子类覆盖父类方法之后,如果我们在子类中就是调用父类的被覆盖的方法呢?那就可以使用super关键字,显式地指定要调用父类的方法
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
private var name = "leo"
def getName = name
}
class Student extends Person{
private var score = "A"
def getScore = score
override def getName = "Hi,I'm " + super.getName
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@3e7545e8
scala> s.getName
res5: String = Hi,I'm leo
scala>
3 override field
scala中,子类可以覆盖父类的val field,而且子类的val field还可以覆盖父类的val field的getter方法;只要在子类中使用override关键字即可。
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
private var name = "leo"
def getName = name
}
class Student extends Person{
private var score = "A"
def getScore = score
override def getName = "Hi,I'm " + super.getName
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@3e7545e8
scala> s.getName
res5: String = Hi,I'm leo
scala>
scala>
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
val name :String = "Person"
def age : Int = 0
}
class Student extends Person{
override val name :String = "leo"
override val age : Int = 30
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val p = new Person
p: Person = Person@7fd69dd
scala> p.name
res6: String = Person
scala> p.age
res7: Int = 0
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@30e6a763
scala> s.name
res8: String = leo
scala> s.age
res9: Int = 30
scala>
4 isInstanceOf和asInstanceOf
如果我们创建了子类的对象,但是又将其赋予了父类类型的变量。则在后续的程序中,我们又需要将父类类型的变量转换为子类类型的变量,应该如何做呢?
首先,需要使用isInstanceOf判断对象是否是指定类的对象,如果是的话,则可以使用asInstanceOf将对象转换为指定类型
注意:如果对象时null,则isInstanceOf一定返回false,asInstanceOf一定返回null
注意:如果没有用isInstanceOf先判断对象是否为指定类的实例,就直接用你asInstanceOf转换,则可能会抛出异常
scala> class Person
defined class Person
scala> class Student extends Person
defined class Student
scala> val p:Person = new Student
p: Person = Student@262816a8
scala> var s : Student = null
s: Student = null
scala> if(p.isInstanceOf[Student]) s = p.asInstanceOf[Student]
scala> s
res15: Student = Student@262816a8
scala> p
res16: Person = Student@262816a8
scala>
5 getClass和classOf
isInstanceOf只能判断出对象是否是指定类以及其子类的对象,而不能精确判断出,对象就是指定类的对象
scala> p
res16: Person = Student@262816a8
scala> p.isInstanceOf[Student]
res17: Boolean = true
scala> p.isInstanceOf[Person]
res18: Boolean = true
scala>
如果要求精确地判断对象就是指定类的对象,那么就只能使用getClass和classOf了
对象.getClass可以精确获取对象的类,classOf[类] 可以精确获取类,然后使用 == 操作符即可判断
scala> class Person
defined class Person
scala> class Student extends Person
defined class Student
scala> val p : Person = new Student
p: Person = Student@f5b6e78
scala> p.isInstanceOf[Person]
res19: Boolean = true
scala> p.getClass == classOf[Person]
res20: Boolean = false
scala> p.getClass == classOf[Student]
res21: Boolean = true
scala>
6 使用模式匹配进行类型判断
但是在实际开发中,比如spark的源码中,大量的地方都是使用模式匹配的方式来进行类型的判断,这种方式更加地简洁明了,而且代码得可维护性和可扩展性也非常的高
使用模式匹配,功能性上来说,与isInstanceOf一样,也是判断主要是该类以及该类的子类的对象即可,不是精准判断
scala> class Person
defined class Person
scala> class Student extends Person
defined class Student
scala> val p : Person = new Student
p: Person = Student@31e2232f
scala> p match{
| case person:Person => print("it's Person's object")
| case _ => println("unknown type")
| }
it's Person's object
scala>
7 protected
跟java一样,scala中同样可以使用protected关键字来修饰field和method,这样子类中就不需要super关键字了,直接就可以访问父类中field和method
还可以使用protected[this] ,则只能在当前子类对象中访问父类的field和method,无法通过其他子类对象访问父类field和method
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
protected var name :String = "leo"
}
class Student extends Person{
def makeFridends(s:Student){
println("Hi,my name id " + name + ",your name is" + s.name)
}
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s1 = new Student
s1: Student = Student@61149fa5
scala> val s2 = new Student
s2: Student = Student@741741d0
scala> s1.makeFridends(s2)
Hi,my name id leo,your name isleo
scala>
prodected[this]
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person{
prodected[this] val name:String = "leo"
}
class Student extends Person{
def makeFridends(s : Student){
println("my name is " + name + ",your name is " + s.name)
}
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
<console>:2: error: '.' expected but ']' found.
prodected[this] val name:String = "leo"
^
<console>:3: error: identifier expected but '}' found.
}
^
scala>
8 调用父类的constructor
scala中,每个类可以有一个主constructor和任意多个辅助constructor,而每个辅助constructor的第一行都必须调用其他辅助其他辅助constructor或者是主constructor;因此子类的辅助constructor是一定不可能直接调用父类的constructor
只能在子类的主constructor中调用父类的constructor,以下这种语法,就是通过子类的主构造函数来调用父类的构造函数
注意!如果是父类中的接收的参数,比如name和age,子类中接收时,就不要用任何val或var来修饰了,否则会认为是子类覆盖父类的field
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person(val name:String,val age:Int)
class Student(name:String,age:Int,var score:Double) extends Person(name,age){
def this(name:String){
this(name,0,0)
}
def this(age:Int){
this("leo",age,0)
}
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student("leo",30,100)
s: Student = Student@2da59753
scala> s.name
res0: String = leo
scala> s.age
res1: Int = 30
scala> s.score
res2: Double = 100.0
scala> val s2 = new Student("leo")
s2: Student = Student@4566d049
scala> s2.name
res3: String = leo
scala> s2.age
res4: Int = 0
scala> s2.score
res5: Double = 0.0
scala> val s3 = new Student(30)
s3: Student = Student@fb9c7aa
scala> s3.name
res6: String = leo
scala> s3.age
res7: Int = 30
scala> s3.score
res8: Double = 0.0
scala>
9 匿名子类
匿名内部类
在scala中,匿名子类是非常常见,而且非常强大的,Spark的远吗中也大量使用了这种匿名子类。
匿名子类,也就是说,可以定义一个类的没有名称的子类,并直接创建其中对象,然后将对象的引用赋予一个变量。之后甚至可以将匿名子类的对象传递给其他函数。
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Person(protected val name:String){
def sayHello = "Hello I'm " + name
}
val p = new Person("leo") {
override def sayHello = "Hi I'm "+name
}
def greeting(p : Person{def sayHello:String}){
println(p.sayHello)
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
p: Person = $anon$1@10fde30a
greeting: (p: Person{def sayHello: String})Unit
scala> greeting(p)
Hi I'm leo
scala>
10 抽象类
如果在父类中,有某些方法无法立即实现,而需要依赖不同的子类来覆盖,重写实现自己不同的方法实现,此时可以将父类中的这些方法不给出具体的实现,只有方法签名,这种方法就是抽象方法。
而一个类中如果有一个抽象方法,那么类就必须用abstract来声明为抽象类,此时抽象类是不可以实现实例化的。
在子类中覆盖抽象类的抽象方法时,不需要使用override关键字。
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
abstract class Person(val name:String){
def sayHello:Unit
}
class Student(name:String) extends Person(name){
def sayHello:Unit = println("Hello " + name)
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Person
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student("leo")
s: Student = Student@182f1e9a
scala> s.sayHello
Hello leo
#抽象类是不能被实例化的
scala> val p = new Person
<console>:12: error: class Person is abstract; cannot be instantiated
val p = new Person
^
scala>
11 抽象field
如果在父类中,定义了field,但是没有给出初始值,则此类field为抽象field
抽象field意味着,scala会根据自己的规则,为var或val类型的field生成对应的getter和setter方法,但是父类汇总是没有该field的
子类必须覆盖field,以定义自己的具体field,并且覆盖抽象field,不需要使用override关键字
scala> abstract class Person{
| val name : String
| }
defined class Person
scala> class Student extends Person{
| val name : String = "leo"
| }
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@7772054c
scala> s.name
res13: String = leo
scala>