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1.5 行列式的性质
转置行列式
n阶行列式D:
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D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21..an1a12a22..an2.........a1na2n..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
令 a i j = a j i a_{ij}=a_{ji} aij=aji,得到
D T = ∣ a 11 a 21 . . . a n 1 a 12 a 22 . . . a n 2 . . . . . . a 1 n a 2 n . . . a n n ∣ D^T=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{21} &... & a_{n1}\\ a_{12} & a_{22} & ... &a_{n2}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{1n} & a_{2n} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} DT=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a12..a1na21a22..a2n.........an1an2..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
行列式 D T D^T DT称为行列式 D D D的转置行列式
性质1
内容
行列式与它的转置行列式相等
证明
设 D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 n . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21..an1a12a22..an2.........a1na2n..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣, D T D^T DT为 D D D的转置行列式
再设 D T = ∣ b 11 b 12 . . . b 1 n b 21 b 22 . . . b 2 n . . . . . . b n 1 b n 2 . . . b n n ∣ D^T=\begin{vmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} &... & b_{1n}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} & ... &b_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ b_{n1} & b_{n2} &... & b_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} DT=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣b11b21..bn1b12b22..bn2.........b1nb2n..bnn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
又因为 我们知道
D T = ∣ a 11 a 21 . . . a n 1 a 12 a 22 . . . a n 2 . . . . . . a 1 n a 2 n . . . a n n ∣ D^T=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{21} &... & a_{n1}\\ a_{12} & a_{22} & ... &a_{n2}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{1n} & a_{2n} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} DT=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a12..a1na21a22..a2n.........an1an2..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
所以有: b i j = a j i b_{ij}=a_{ji} bij=aji
推出
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D^T=\begin{vmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} &... & b_{1n}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} & ... &b_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ b_{n1} & b_{n2} &... & b_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}
DT=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣b11b21..bn1b12b22..bn2.........b1nb2n..bnn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=
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\sum(-1)^tb_{1p_1}b_{2p_2}...b_{np_n}
∑(−1)tb1p1b2p2...bnpn=
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\sum(-1)^ta_{p_11}a_{p_22}...a_{p_nn}
∑(−1)tap11ap22...apnn(利用
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b_{ij}=a_{ji}
bij=aji)
又因为
∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 a 2 p 2 . . . a n p n = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a p 1 1 a p 2 2 . . . a p n n \sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2}...a_{np_n}=\sum(-1)^ta_{p_11}a_{p_22}...a_{p_nn} ∑(−1)ta1p1a2p2...anpn=∑(−1)tap11ap22...apnn
所以
D T = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a p 1 1 a p 2 2 . . . a p n n = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 a 2 p 2 . . . a n p n = D D^T=\sum(-1)^ta_{p_11}a_{p_22}...a_{p_nn}=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2}...a_{np_n}=D DT=∑(−1)tap11ap22...apnn=∑(−1)ta1p1a2p2...anpn=D
证明完成!
性质2
内容
互换行列式的两行(列),行列式变号
证明
设n阶行列式D
D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 n . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21..an1a12a22..an2.........a1na2n..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
交换第i、j行
得
D
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D_1
D1
我们设
D 1 = ∣ b 11 b 12 . . . b 1 n b 21 b 22 . . . b 2 n . . . . . . b n 1 b n 2 . . . b n n ∣ D_1=\begin{vmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} &... & b_{1n}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} & ... &b_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ b_{n1} & b_{n2} &... & b_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣b11b21..bn1b12b22..bn2.........b1nb2n..bnn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
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bkp=akp
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k=i,j时,有
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bip=ajp、
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b_{jp}=a_{ip}
bjp=aip
简单的说
- 当 k ≠ i , j k\neq i,j k=i,j,也就是不属于交换的那两行,b与a就是完全的对应关系;
- 当 k = i , j k=i,j k=i,j时,就是交换的那两行,b与a行之间的就是相反的,列是一样的
D 1 = ∣ b 11 b 12 . . . b 1 n b 21 b 22 . . . b 2 n . . . . . . b n 1 b n 2 . . . b n n ∣ = ∑ ( − 1 ) t b 1 p 1 . . . b i p i . . . b j p j . . . b n p n = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a j p i . . . a i p j . . . a n p n D_1=\begin{vmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} &... & b_{1n}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} & ... &b_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ b_{n1} & b_{n2} &... & b_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}=\sum(-1)^tb_{1p_1}...b_{ip_i}...b_{jp_j}...b_{np_n}=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{jp_i}...a_{ip_j}...a_{np_n} D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣b11b21..bn1b12b22..bn2.........b1nb2n..bnn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∑(−1)tb1p1...bipi...bjpj...bnpn=∑(−1)ta1p1...ajpi...aipj...anpn
与
D = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a j p j . . . a n p n D=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{jp_j}...a_{np_n} D=∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...ajpj...anpn
对比 发现只交换了行坐标
从1…i…j…n 变成了 1…j…i…n
很明显,和全排列中交换任意两个元素一样,奇偶性会改变
也就是逆序数+1或-1
其实就是在行列式这里就是相当于奇偶性发生一次变化,就是乘了一个-1
所以
D 1 = − D D_1=-D D1=−D
证明完成!
性质3
内容
行列式中的某一行(列)中的所有元素都乘以同一数k,等于用数k乘此行列式
证明
设行列式
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D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21..an1a12a22..an2.........a1na2n..ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
假设第i行所有元素同时乘以k,有
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D_1=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1}*k & a_{i2}*k& . & a_{in}*k\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}
D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21.ai1∗k.an1a12a22.ai2∗k.an2..........a1na2n.ain∗k.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
化简
D 1 = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 n . . . a i 1 ∗ k a i 2 ∗ k . a i n ∗ k . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 a 2 p 2 . . . k ∗ a i p i . . . a n p n = k ∗ ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 a 2 p 2 . . . a i p i . . . a n p n D_1=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1}*k & a_{i2}*k& . & a_{in}*k\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2}...k*a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}=k*\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}a_{2p_2}...a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n} D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21.ai1∗k.an1a12a22.ai2∗k.an2..........a1na2n.ain∗k.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∑(−1)ta1p1a2p2...k∗aipi...anpn=k∗∑(−1)ta1p1a2p2...aipi...anpn
证明完成!
同理,列的情形也是一样的
性质4
内容
行列式中如果有两行(列)元素成比列,则此行列式等于0
证明
设行列式 D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 a i 2 . . . a i n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & ... &a_{in}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1.aj1.an1a12.ai2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
其中第i行元素与第j行元素成比例,也就是 a j p = k ∗ a j p a_{jp}=k*a_{jp} ajp=k∗ajp
D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 a i 2 . . . a i n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a j p j . . . a n p n D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & ... &a_{in}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} =\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{jp_j}...a_{np_n} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1.aj1.an1a12.ai2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...ajpj...anpn
因为 a j p = k ∗ a j p a_{jp}=k*a_{jp} ajp=k∗ajp
所以
∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a j p j . . . a n p n = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . k ∗ a i p i . . . a n p n = k ∗ ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a i p i . . . a n p n = D \sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{jp_j}...a_{np_n}=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...k*a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}=k*\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}=D ∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...ajpj...anpn=∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...k∗aipi...anpn=k∗∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...aipi...anpn=D
如果此时对换第i行与第j行
行列式 D D D依然不会发生变化
因为对换后,D还是原来的值
k ∗ ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a i p i . . . a n p n = D k*\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}=D k∗∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...aipi...anpn=D(对换后 其实和原来一样)
但是因为任意两行互换后,一定会发生变号,变为-D
综上,有
D = − D D=-D D=−D
得到
D = 0 D=0 D=0
证明完成!
性质5
内容
若行列式中的某一行(列)的元素都是两数之和,例如第i列的元素都是两数之和
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D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&(a_{1i}+b_{1i})&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &(a_{2i}+b_{2i})&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &(a_{ni}+b_{ni})&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........(a1i+b1i)(a2i+b2i)...(ani+bni).........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
则
D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 i . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 i . . . a 2 n . . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n i . . . a n n ∣ + ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . b 1 i . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . b 2 i . . . a 2 n . . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . b n i . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&a_{1i}&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2i}&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &a_{ni}&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} +\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&b_{1i}&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &b_{2i}&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &b_{ni}&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........a1ia2i...ani.........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........b1ib2i...bni.........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
证明
D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . ( a 1 i + b 1 i ) . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . ( a 2 i + b 2 i ) . . . a 2 n . . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . ( a n i + b n i ) . . . a n n ∣ = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . ( a i p i + b i p i ) . . . a n p n = ∑ ( − 1 ) t ( a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a n p n + a 1 p 1 . . . b i p i . . . a n p n ) = ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . a i p i . . . a n p n + ∑ ( − 1 ) t a 1 p 1 . . . b i p i . . . a n p n = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 i . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 i . . . a 2 n . . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n i . . . a n n ∣ + ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . b 1 i . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . b 2 i . . . a 2 n . . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . b n i . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&(a_{1i}+b_{1i})&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &(a_{2i}+b_{2i})&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &(a_{ni}+b_{ni})&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} =\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...(a_{ip_i}+b_{ip_i})...a_{np_n} \\=\sum(-1)^t(a_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}+a_{1p_1}...b_{ip_i}...a_{np_n})\\=\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...a_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}+\sum(-1)^ta_{1p_1}...b_{ip_i}...a_{np_n}\\=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&a_{1i}&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &a_{2i}&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &a_{ni}&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} +\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &...&b_{1i}&... & a_{1n}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & ... &b_{2i}&...&a_{2n}\\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &b_{ni}&...& a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........(a1i+b1i)(a2i+b2i)...(ani+bni).........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∑(−1)ta1p1...(aipi+bipi)...anpn=∑(−1)t(a1p1...aipi...anpn+a1p1...bipi...anpn)=∑(−1)ta1p1...aipi...anpn+∑(−1)ta1p1...bipi...anpn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........a1ia2i...ani.........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21...an1a12a22...an2.........b1ib2i...bni.........a1na2nann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
证明完成!
性质6
内容
把行列式的某一行(列)的各元素乘以同一个数然后再加到另一行(列)对应的元素上去,行列式不变
证明
设行列式 D = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 a i 2 . . . a i n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & ... &a_{in}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1.aj1.an1a12.ai2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
对第j行乘以k,再加到第i行,得到
D 1 = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 + k ∗ a j 1 a i 2 + k ∗ a j 2 . . . a i n + k ∗ a j n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D_1=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1}+k*a_{j1} & a_{i2}+k*a_{j2} & ... &a_{in}+k*a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1+k∗aj1.aj1.an1a12.ai2+k∗aj2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain+k∗ajn.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
由性质5得
D 1 = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 + k ∗ a j 1 a i 2 + k ∗ a j 2 . . . a i n + k ∗ a j n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 a i 2 . . . a i n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ + ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . k ∗ a j 1 k ∗ a j 2 . . . k ∗ a j n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ D_1=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1}+k*a_{j1} & a_{i2}+k*a_{j2} & ... &a_{in}+k*a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} =\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & ... &a_{in}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} +\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ k*a_{j1} & k*a_{j2} & ... &k*a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1+k∗aj1.aj1.an1a12.ai2+k∗aj2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain+k∗ajn.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1.aj1.an1a12.ai2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.k∗aj1.aj1.an1a12.k∗aj2.aj2.an2............a1n.k∗ajn.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
由性质4得
∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . k ∗ a j 1 k ∗ a j 2 . . . k ∗ a j n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = 0 \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ k*a_{j1} & k*a_{j2} & ... &k*a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} =0 ∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.k∗aj1.aj1.an1a12.k∗aj2.aj2.an2............a1n.k∗ajn.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=0
所以
D 1 = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 + k ∗ a j 1 a i 2 + k ∗ a j 2 . . . a i n + k ∗ a j n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = ∣ a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n . . . a i 1 a i 2 . . . a i n . . . a j 1 a j 2 . . . a j n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n n ∣ = D D_1=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1}+k*a_{j1} & a_{i2}+k*a_{j2} & ... &a_{in}+k*a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix} =\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... & a_{1n}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{i1} & a_{i2} & ... &a_{in}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{j1} & a_{j2} & ... &a_{jn}\\ . & . & & . \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... & a_{nn}\\ \end{vmatrix}=D D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1+k∗aj1.aj1.an1a12.ai2+k∗aj2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain+k∗ajn.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11.ai1.aj1.an1a12.ai2.aj2.an2............a1n.ain.ajn.ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=D
证明完成!
结语
说明:
- 参考于 课本《线性代数》第五版 同济大学数学系编
- 配合书中概念讲解 结合了自己的一些理解及思考
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