SpringBoot(三)——Web(上)

六、Web开发

1、简介

使用SpringBoot进行Web开发:

  1. 创建SpringBoot应用,选中我们需要的模块
  2. SpringBoot已经默认将这些场景配置好,只需要在配置文件中指定少量配置就可以运行起来
  3. 编写业务代码
自动配置原理

SpringBoot究竟帮我们都配置了什么,能不能修改,能修改哪些配置,能不能扩展等等都是一些问题。
xxxxAutoConfiguration:帮助我们给容器中自动配置组件;
xxxxProperties:配置类来封装配置文件的内容;

2、SpringBoot对静态资源的映射规则
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.resources", ignoreUnknownFields = false)
public class ResourceProperties implements ResourceLoaderAware {
//可以设置和静态资源有关的参数,缓存时间等
	WebMvcAuotConfiguration:
		@Override
		public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
			if (!this.resourceProperties.isAddMappings()) {
				logger.debug("Default resource handling disabled");
				return;
			}
			Integer cachePeriod = this.resourceProperties.getCachePeriod();
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern("/webjars/**")) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
						registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/**")
								.addResourceLocations(
										"classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/")
						.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
			}
			String staticPathPattern = this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern();
          	//静态资源文件夹映射
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern(staticPathPattern)) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(
						registry.addResourceHandler(staticPathPattern)
								.addResourceLocations(
										this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations())
						.setCachePeriod(cachePeriod));
			}
		}

       //配置喜欢的图标
		@Configuration
		@ConditionalOnProperty(value = "spring.mvc.favicon.enabled", matchIfMissing = true)
		public static class FaviconConfiguration {

			private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;

			public FaviconConfiguration(ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
				this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties;
			}

			@Bean
			public SimpleUrlHandlerMapping faviconHandlerMapping() {
				SimpleUrlHandlerMapping mapping = new SimpleUrlHandlerMapping();
				mapping.setOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 1);
              	//所有  **/favicon.ico 
				mapping.setUrlMap(Collections.singletonMap("**/favicon.ico",
						faviconRequestHandler()));
				return mapping;
			}

			@Bean
			public ResourceHttpRequestHandler faviconRequestHandler() {
				ResourceHttpRequestHandler requestHandler = new ResourceHttpRequestHandler();
				requestHandler
						.setLocations(this.resourceProperties.getFaviconLocations());
				return requestHandler;
			}
}

1)、所有 /webjars/** ,都去 classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/ 找资源;
webjars:以jar包的方式引入静态资源;

		<!--引入jquery-webjar-->在访问的时候只需要写webjars下面资源的名称即可
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.webjars</groupId>
			<artifactId>jquery</artifactId>
			<version>3.3.1</version>
		</dependency>

2)、"/**" 访问当前项目的任何资源,都去(静态资源的文件夹)找映射
1、“classpath:/META-INF/resources/”,
2、“classpath:/resources/”,
3、“classpath:/static/”,
4、“classpath:/public/”
“/”:当前项目的根路径

3)、欢迎页; 静态资源文件夹下的所有index.html页面;也就是localhost:8080/;

//配置欢迎页映射
		@Bean
		public WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping(
				ResourceProperties resourceProperties) {
			return new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(resourceProperties.getWelcomePage(),
					this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern());
}

4)、所有的 **/favicon.ico 都是在静态资源文件下找;

3、模板引擎

之前学过的jsp也是一种模板引擎,但SpringBoot推荐的Thymeleaf语法更简单、功能更强大。

<1>、引入thymeleaf
		<dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
       	</dependency>
<2>、Thymeleaf的使用
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {

	private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.forName("UTF-8");

	private static final MimeType DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = MimeType.valueOf("text/html");

	public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";

	public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";

只要我们把HTML页面放在classpath:/templates/,thymeleaf就能自动渲染。
使用
1、导入thymeleaf名称空间

<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

2、使用thymeleaf语法:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>成功!</h1>
    <!--th:text 将div里面的文本内容设置为 -->
    <div th:text="${hello}">这是显示欢迎信息</div>
</body>
</html>
<3>、Thymeleaf的语法规则

1)、th:text;改变当前元素里面的文本内容;th:任意html属性;来替换原生属性的值
在这里插入图片描述
2)、表达式

Simple expressions:(表达式语法)
    Variable Expressions: ${...}:获取变量值;OGNL;
    		1)、获取对象的属性、调用方法
    		2)、使用内置的基本对象:
    			#ctx : the context object.
    			#vars: the context variables.
                #locale : the context locale.
                #request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
                #response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
                #session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
                #servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
                
                ${session.foo}
            3)、内置的一些工具对象:
#execInfo : information about the template being processed.
#messages : methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions, in the same way as they would be obtained using #{…} syntax.
#uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
#conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
#dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
#calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
#numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
#strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
#objects : methods for objects in general.
#bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
#arrays : methods for arrays.
#lists : methods for lists.
#sets : methods for sets.
#maps : methods for maps.
#aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
#ids : methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a result of an iteration).

    Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}:选择表达式:和${}在功能上是一样;
    	补充:配合 th:object="${session.user}:
   <div th:object="${session.user}">
    <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
    <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
    <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
    </div>
    
    Message Expressions: #{...}:获取国际化内容
    Link URL Expressions: @{...}:定义URL;
    		@{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
    Fragment Expressions: ~{...}:片段引用表达式
    		<div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>
    		
Literals(字面量)
      Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
      Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
      Boolean literals: true , false
      Null literal: null
      Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
Text operations:(文本操作)
    String concatenation: +
    Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:(数学运算)
    Binary operators: + , - , * , / , %
    Minus sign (unary operator): -
Boolean operations:(布尔运算)
    Binary operators: and , or
    Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
Comparisons and equality:(比较运算)
    Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
    Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
Conditional operators:条件运算(三元运算符)
    If-then: (if) ? (then)
    If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
    Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
    No-Operation: _ 
//查出用户数据,在页面展示
    @RequestMapping("/success")
    public String success(Map<String,Object> map){
        map.put("hello","<h1>你好</h1>");
        map.put("users",Arrays.asList("zhangsan","lisi","wangwu"));
        return "success";
    }
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>成功!</h1>
<!--th:text 将div里面的文本内容设置为我们指定的值 -->
<div id="div01" class="myDiv" th:id="${hello}" th:class="${hello}" th:text="${hello}">这是显示欢迎信息</div>
<hr/>
<div th:text="${hello}"></div>    <!--不转义,直接字符串是什么就是什么-->
<div th:utext="${hello}"></div>    <!--转义,字符串的特殊字符会被自动转换-->
<hr/>

<!-- th:each每次遍历都会生成当前这个标签: 3个h4 -->
<h4 th:text="${user}"  th:each="user:${users}"></h4>
<hr/>
<h4>
    <span th:each="user:${users}"> [[${user}]] </span>
</h4>
</body>
</html>
4、SpringMVC自动配置

SpringBoot自动配置好了SpringMVC,以下是它的默认配置

  • Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.
  • 自动配置了ViewResolver(视图解析器:根据方法的返回值得到视图对象(View),视图对象决定如何渲染)
  • ContentNegotiatingViewResolver:组合所有的视图解析器的;
  • 如何定制:我们可以自己给容器中添加一个视图解析器;自动的将其组合进来;
  • Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).静态资源文件夹路径,webjars
  • Static index.html support. 静态首页访问
  • Custom Favicon support (see below). favicon.ico 网页图标
  • 自动注册了 of Converter, GenericConverter, Formatter beans.
  • Converter:转换器; public String hello(User user):类型转换使用Converter,当我们提交给网页一段数据的时候需要根据数据判断数据类型
  • Formatter 格式化器; 2017.12.17===Date;主要是因为各个地方的日期格式不同
  • 支持HttpMessageConverters:
    HttpMessageConverter:SpringMVC用来转换Http请求和响应的;User–json
    而HttpMessageConverters则可以管理获取所有的HttpMessageConverter
  • 自动注册MessageCodeResolver定义错误代码生成规则
  • 支持自动配置Web数据绑定器ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer
<1>、扩展SpringMVC
 <mvc:view-controller path="/hello" view-name="success"/>
    <mvc:interceptors>
        <mvc:interceptor>
            <mvc:mapping path="/hello"/>
            <bean></bean>
        </mvc:interceptor>
 </mvc:interceptors>

编写一个配置类(@Configuration),是WebMvcConfigurerAdapter类型,不能标注@EnableWebMvc

@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {

    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       // super.addViewControllers(registry);
        //浏览器发送 /bean 请求来到 success
        registry.addViewController("/bean").setViewName("success");
    }
}

不仅保留了原有的默认配置,而且还可以使用扩展的功能

<2>、全面接管SpringMVC

SpringBoot对SpringMVC的自动配置都不要了,所有的配置都是我们自己配置
只需要在配置类上加@EnableWebMvc 注解即可,所有SpringMVC的自动配置都失效了。

5、如何修改SpringBoot的默认设置

1)、SpringBoot在自动配置很多组件的时候,先看容器中有没有用户自己配置的(@Bean、@Component)如果有就用用户配置的,如果没有,才自动配置;如果有些组件可以有多个(ViewResolver)将用户配置的和自己默认的组合起来;
2)、在SpringBoot中会有非常多的xxxConfigurer帮助我们进行扩展配置
3)、在SpringBoot中会有很多的xxxCustomizer帮助我们进行定制配置

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