C++ 迷之virtual

在学多态的时候遇到了问题。按理说

父类的成员函数不加virtual时，访问的还是父类的成员函数，而不是子类同名的成员函数；

没有添加virtual关键字，则编译器直接按照类型来调用对应的函数，不会考虑多态特性。

比如这段代码，输出就是基类的成员函数结果：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>

class Animal
{
protected:
    std::string m_name;

    // We're making this constructor protected because
    // we don't want people creating Animal objects directly,
    // but we still want derived classes to be able to use it.
    Animal(const std::string& name)
        : m_name{ name }
    {
    }

public:
    const std::string& getName() const { return m_name; }
    // 父类的成员函数不加virtual时，访问的还是父类的成员函数，而不是子类同名的成员函数
    // 没有添加virtual关键字，则编译器直接按照类型来调用对应的函数，不会考虑多态特性。
    std::string_view speak() const { return "???"; }
};

class Cat: public Animal
{
public:
    Cat(const std::string& name)
        : Animal{ name }
    {
    }

    std::string_view speak() const { return "Meow"; }
};

class Dog: public Animal
{
public:
    Dog(const std::string& name)
        : Animal{ name }
    {
    }

    std::string_view speak() const { return "Woof"; }
};

void report(const Animal& animal)
{
    std::cout << animal.getName() << " says " << animal.speak() << '\n';
}

int main()
{
    Cat cat{ "Fred" };
    Dog dog{ "Garbo" };

    report(cat);
    report(dog);

    return 0;
}

但是反观这段代码，getName()是可以被成功override的：

#include <string_view>
#include <iostream>

class Base
{
protected:
    int m_value {};

public:
    Base(int value)
        : m_value{ value }
    {
    }

    std::string_view getName() const { return "Base"; }
    int getValue() const { return m_value; }
};

class Derived: public Base
{
public:
    Derived(int value)
        : Base{ value }
    {
    }

    std::string_view getName() const { return "Derived"; }
    int getValueDoubled() const { return m_value * 2; }
};

int main()
{
    Derived derived{ 5 };
    std::cout << "derived is a " << derived.getName() << " and has value " << derived.getValue() << '\n';

    Derived& rDerived{ derived };
    std::cout << "rDerived is a " << rDerived.getName() << " and has value " << rDerived.getValue() << '\n';

    Derived* pDerived{ &derived };
    std::cout << "pDerived is a " << pDerived->getName() << " and has value " << pDerived->getValue() << '\n';

    return 0;
}

 

 实际要看report（）中传入的是哪一个类的引用。