SpringMVC 概述
SpringMVC是基于 MVC(模型层:处理业务,视图层:前端界面,控制层:处理请求和响应) 设计理念的优秀的 Web 框架,是Spring 为展现层提供的,目前最主流的 MVC 框架之一
Spring3.0 后全面超越 Struts2,成为最优秀的 MVC 框架
Spring MVC 通过一套 MVC 注解,让 POJO 成为处理请求的控制器,而无须实现任何接口。
支持 REST 风格的 URL 请求
采用了松散耦合可插拔组件结构,比其他 MVC 框架更具扩展性和灵活性
SpringMVC项目创建步骤
– 加入 jar 包
– 在 web.xml 中配置 DispatcherServlet
– 加入 Spring MVC 的配置文件
– 编写处理请求的处理器,并标识为处理器
– 编写视图
创建maven项目来管理jar文件
注意添加根路径再去部署Tomcat
所需依赖
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-webmvc -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.3.5</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax.servlet/javax.servlet-api -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
在 web.xml 中配置 DispatcherServlet
头部配置可以在Tomcat的conf目录下的web.xml内查找。
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0">
<!--springMVC核心前置控制器,用来拦截和处理客户端发送的所有请求-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:springmvc.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
<!--设置路径为/,将所有的请求进行拦截然后分发到各个请求地址-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!--通过过滤器设置请求和响应的字符编码-->
<filter>
<filter-name>EncodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>utf-8</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>EncodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>
在资源文件下配置SpringMVC的配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
<!--组件包扫描-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.entor.controller"/>
<!--配置默认的servlet处理策略,对静态资源不拦截,例如css、html、js、img等-->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
<!--使用注解方式装配请求地址映射类,请求处理适配类-->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<!--内部资源视图解释器,支持不同的视图层模版引擎-->
<bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<!--视图文件的路劲地址,/指web的根路径,既项目webapp目录-->
<property name="prefix" value="/"/>
<!--视图文件的后缀名称-->
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>
</beans>
控制层
简单使用
/**
* 简单使用
*/
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/hello")//该控制层的地址前缀多加一个hello
public class HelloController {
// @RequestMapping作用:映射请求地址和请求处理的方法,客户端发送/hello请求,由hello()处理
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String hello(){
//返回值是一个逻辑视图名称,根据视图资源解释器所配置的前缀、后缀、查找对应的视图进行展示
//此方法返回的hello,查找/路径下的名叫hello.jsp的页面:prefix+返回值+suffix
return "hello";
}
@RequestMapping("/index")
public String index(){
return "index";
}
/**
* 请求地址一样,请求方式不一样可以区分为两个请求地址
*
*/
// @RequestMapping(value = "/login",method = RequestMethod.GET)
@GetMapping("/login")//取代上边的注解
public String login1(){
return "login1";
}
// @RequestMapping(value = "/login",method = RequestMethod.POST)
@PostMapping(value = "login")//取代上边的注解
public String login2(){
return "login2";
}
@RequestMapping(value = "/test",produces = "application/json;charset=utf-8")//响应格式为json格式,编码格式为utf-8
@ResponseBody//把返回值当做响应的主题内容返回给客户
public String test(){
return "test 你好";
}
}
重定向和请求转发
/**
* 重定向和请求转发
*/
@Controller
public class TestController {
@RequestMapping(value = "test1")
public String test1(){
return "test1";//默认是请求转发到test1.jsp页面
}
@RequestMapping(value = "test2")
public String test2(){
return "redirect:test1";//重定向到test1请求
}
@RequestMapping(value = "test3")
public String test3(){
return "redirect:test3.jsp";//重定向到test3.jsp页面
}
@RequestMapping(value = "test4")
public String test4(){
return "forward:test3";//请求转发到test3请求
}
}
前后端交互
/**
* 前后端传值
*/
@Controller
public class UserController {
@RequestMapping(value = "/getUser")
public String getUser(Integer id, String name, String password, Map<String, Object> map) {//直接通过形参的名称获取请求的值
System.out.println("获取到的id:" + id);
System.out.println("获取到的name:" + name);
//传递服务器数据给客户端
map.put("id", id);
map.put("name", name);
map.put("password", password);
//传递对象
User user = new User(1, "李四", "lisi", "123465");
map.put("user", user);
//传递集合
ArrayList<User> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
user = new User(i, "李四" + i, "lisi" + i, "123465" + i);
list.add(user);
}
map.put("list",list);
//传递map
HashMap<String, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
hashMap.put("key1","value1");
hashMap.put("key2","value2");
hashMap.put("key3","value3");
map.put("map",hashMap);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("/getUser2")
//HttpServletRequest直接注入到形参使用,
//类似的还有HttpServlet Response,HttpSession等待
public String getUser2(HttpServletRequest request, Model model) {
System.out.println("获取到的id:" + request.getParameter("id"));
System.out.println("获取到的name:" + request.getParameter("name"));
//传递对象
User user = new User(1, "李四", "lisi", "123465");
model.addAttribute("user", user);
//传递集合
ArrayList<User> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
user = new User(i, "李四" + i, "lisi" + i, "123465" + i);
list.add(user);
}
model.addAttribute("list",list);
//传递map
HashMap<String, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
hashMap.put("key1","value1");
hashMap.put("key2","value2");
hashMap.put("key3","value3");
model.addAttribute("map",hashMap);
return "index";
}
//如果客户端传递参数比较多,可以使用对象接收,自动根据参数名称匹配对象属性名赋值
@RequestMapping("/add")
public String add(User user,Model model){//将传递的数据自动封装到user
System.out.println(user);
model.addAttribute("user",user);
return "index";
}
@RequestMapping("queryById")
//@RequestParam(value = "id",required = false,defaultValue = "1")
// value指定前端传递参数的名称
// required默认为true必须要传值给这个参数否则报错
// defaultValue 设置这个参数的默认值
public String queryById(@RequestParam(value = "id",required = false,defaultValue = "1") Integer id){
return "index";
}
//使用restful方式赋值
//url参数:/getById/1/zhangsan,对应花括号内的值可以指定参数名称,默认参数名称为形参名称,
@RequestMapping("/getById/{id}/{name}")
public String getById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id,@PathVariable String name){
System.out.println(id);
System.out.println(name);
return "index";
}
}
理解:在参数里边的Model model和Map<String, Object> map没有实例化,但是能够通过这两个对象把值传到前端,所以两个值应该写入到了HttpServletResponse对象里边,这两个对象应该写入到了Spring容器,@RequestMapping可能能够把容器内的值注入进来
异步加载
/**
* jackson-databind结合@RequestMapping注解,返回服务器各种对象类型数据,自动转换成json字符串响应给前端。
* 处理了中文乱码问题
*/
//@Controller
//@ResponseBody//相当于该类的所有方法都加了这个注解
@RestController//为@Controller+@ResponseBody
@RequestMapping("/student")
public class StudentController {
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", produces = "application/json;charset=utf-8")
@ResponseBody
public String test() {
return "测试";
}
@RequestMapping(value = "/test2", produces = "application/json;charset=utf-8")
@ResponseBody
public void test2(HttpServletResponse response) {
response.setContentType("application/json;charset=utf-8");
try {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.write("测试2");
out.flush();
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@RequestMapping("/getUser")
@ResponseBody
public User getUser() {
User user = new User(1, "李四", "lisi", "123465");
return user;
}
@RequestMapping("/getUsers")
@ResponseBody
public List<User> getUsers() {
User user = null;
List<User> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
user = new User(i, "李四" + i, "lisi" + i, "123465" + i);
list.add(user);
}
return list;
}
@RequestMapping("/getMap")
@ResponseBody
public Map<String,String> getMap() {
HashMap<String, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
hashMap.put("key1","value1");
hashMap.put("key2","value2");
hashMap.put("key3","value3");
return hashMap;
}
@RequestMapping("/login")//提交的url参数格式为$a=1&b=2
public User login(String username,String password){
User user = new User(10, "李四", username, password);
return user;
}
//@RequestBody将客户端发送的json数据转换成对应的对象数据
@RequestMapping("/login1")//提交的url参数格式为json字符串
public User login1(@RequestBody User user){
user.setId(1);
user.setName("张三");
return user;
}
}
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
<script src="static/js/jquery-1.7.2.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
function login() {
var username = $("input[name=username]").val();
var password = $("input[name=password]").val();
var data = {"username":username,"password":password};
var jstr = JSON.stringify(data);
$(function () {
$.ajax({
type: "post",
url: "student/login1",
data: jstr,
dataType: "json",
contentType:"application/json",<!--告知服务器我提交的参数是一个json字符串-->
success: function (result) {
$("#id").html(result.id);
$("#name").html(result.name);
$("#username").html(result.username);
$("#password").html(result.password);
}
})
});
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="text" name="username"><br>
<input type="passsword" name="password"><br>
<input id="login_btn" type="button" value="登录" onclick="login()"><br>
</form>
服务器返回的数据:<br/>
<span id="id"></span><br/>
<span id="name"></span><br/>
<span id="username"></span><br/>
<span id="password"></span><br/>
</body>
</html>