搭建MySQL服务

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 23:28:02 发布

ailfyou

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-11 23:28:02 发布

阅读量320

点赞数 1

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44435182/article/details/86543245

版权

1关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型
关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL
事务：多个操作被当作一个整体对待就称为一个事务
要看一个关系型数据库是否支持事务，需要看其是否支持并满足ACID测试
ACID：ACID是事务的一个基本标准
A：Automicity，原子性
C：Consistency，一致性
I：Isolation，隔离性
D：Durability，持久性
如果你对ACID感兴趣，可以查看这里了解详细说明，ACID将不作为我们讲解的重点。

SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

约束：constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

关系运算：

选择：挑选出符合条件的行（部分行）
投影：挑选出需要的字段
连接

数据抽象方式：

物理层：决定数据的存储格式，即RDBMS在磁盘上如何组织文件
逻辑层：描述DB存储什么数据，以及数据间存在什么样的关系
视图层：描述DB中的部分数据

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2 mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
  - OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
  - 项目官方提供的
- deb

//启动mysql

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sun 2018-08-12 23:39:33 CST; 6s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 1325 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 1249 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1327 (mysqld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─1327 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/my...

Aug 12 23:39:26 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Aug 12 23:39:33 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.

//确保3306端口已经监听起来

[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128         *:22                      *:*
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                      *:*
LISTEN      0      128        :::22                     :::*
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                     :::*
LISTEN      0      80         :::3306                   :::*

//在日志文件中找出临时密码

[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2018-08-12T15:39:28.710830Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: &vsD!YuKT7&/

//此处的临时密码为&vsD!YuKT7&/
//注意，你的密码跟这是不一样的，一定要看清楚，禁止直接复制我这里的密码

//使用获取到的临时密码登录mysql

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:     //此处输入密码，可以直接复制你的密码粘贴至此处，也可手动输入
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.23

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>          //看到有这样的标识符则表示成功登录了

//修改mysql登录密码

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

//为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa|grep mysql
mysql-community-server-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch
mysql-community-common-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.23-1.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y remove mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
              : manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check 
....
Removed:
  mysql57-community-release.noarch 0:el7-10

Complete!

3.mysql的程序组成

客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
服务器端
- mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本


[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.23, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper



[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -h127.0.0.1
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

//注意，不推荐直接在命令行里直接用-pPASSWORD的方式登录，而是使用-p选项，然后交互式输入密码

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 


[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangqingge         |
+--------------------+

3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型	说明
ip socket	默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信
unix sock	监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1

实验：

//搭建mysql

[root@wbk ~]#wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@wbk ~]#  yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel
[root@wbk ~]# systemctl start mysqld----启动mysql
[root@wbk ~]# ss -anlt
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128           *:22                        *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                        *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128          :::22                       :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100         ::1:25                       :::*                  
LISTEN     0      80           :::3306                     :::*

//创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表student，该表包含三个字段（id，name，age）

[root@wbk ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@wbk ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@wbk ~]#  grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2019-01-17T10:20:13.001062Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: aywf.!GRg8x-
[root@wbk ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS xiaojian;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangbokang           |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> CREATE TABLE xiaojian(id int NOT NULL,name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_xiaojian |
+--------------------+
| wangbokang           |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> DESC xiaojian.xiaojian;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.29 sec)
---------------------

//查看该新建的表有无内容

mysql> select * from wangbokang;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

//往新建的student表中插入数据

mysql> INSERT wangbokang (id,name,age) VALUES (1,'tom',20),(2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',null),(8,'chenshuo',10),(9,'wangwu',3),(10,'qiuyi',15),(11,'qiuxiaotian',20); 
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 11  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from wangbokang;                                               
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   24 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   35 |
|  4 | sean        |   26 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   40 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    31 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//修改lisi的年龄为50

mysql> UPDATE wangbokang set age = 50 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from xiaojian;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   24 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   35 |
|  4 | sean        |   26 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   40 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    31 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//以age字段降序排序

mysql> select * from wangbokang ORDER BY age DESC;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   40 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   35 |
|  9 | wangwu      |   31 |
|  4 | sean        |   26 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  2 | jerry       |   24 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查询student表中年龄最小的3位同学

mysql> select * from wangbokang ORDER BY age limit 2;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
| 10 | qiuyi    |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo |   10 |
+----+----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//查询student表中年龄最大的4位同学

mysql> select * from wangbokang ORDER BY age DESC limit 4;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      | 50   |
|  6 | zhangshan |   40 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   35 |
|  9 | wangwu    |   31 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//查询student表中名字叫zhangshan的记录

mysql> select * from wangbokang WHERE name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  6 | zhangshan |   40 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//查询student表中名字叫zhangshan且年龄大于20岁的记录

mysql> select * from wangbokang WHERE name = 'zhangshan' AND age > 20;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   40 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//查询student表中年龄在23到30之间的记录

mysql> select * from wangbokang WHERE age BETWEEN 23 and 30;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  4 | sean      |   26 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  2 | jerry     |   24 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//修改wangwu的年龄为100

mysql>  UPDATE wangbokang set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from wangbokang;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

//删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

mysql> delete from wangbokang where name = 'zhangshan' and age <= 20;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wangbokang;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   24 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   35 |
|  4 | sean        |   26 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   40 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |   31 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)