使用SSH访问远程命令行
1.1 OpenSSH简介
OpenSSH这一术语指系统中使用的Secure Shell软件的软件实施。用于在远程系统上安全运行shell。如果您在可提供ssh服务的远程Linux系统中拥有用户帐户,则ssh是通常用来远程登录到该系统的命令。ssh命令也可用于在远程系统中运行命令。
常见的远程登录工具有:
- telnet
- ssh
- dropbear
telnet //远程登录协议,23/TCP
认证明文
数据传输明文
ssh //Secure SHell,应用层协议,22/TCP
通信过程及认证过程是加密的,主机认证
用户认证过程加密
数据传输过程加密
dropbear //嵌入式系统专用的SSH服务器端和客户端工具
1.2 SSH版本
openssh有两个版本,分别为v1和v2,其特点如下:
v1:基于CRC-32做MAC,无法防范中间人(man-in-middle)攻击
v2:双方主机协议选择安全的MAC方式。基于DH算法做密钥交换,基于RSA或DSA算法实现身份认证
1.3 SSH认证方式
openssh有两种认证方式,分别为:
- 基于口令认证
- 基于密钥认证
1.4 openSSH的工作模式
openSSH是基于C/S架构工作的.
服务器端 //sshd,配置文件在/etc/ssh/sshd_config
客户端 //ssh,配置文件在/etc/ssh/ssh_config
ssh-keygen //密钥生成器
ssh-copy-id //将公钥传输至远程服务器
scp //跨主机安全复制工具
1.4 Secure Shell 示例
以当前用户身份创建远程交互式shell,然后在结束时使用exit命令返回到之前的shell
[root@fupian~]# ssh 192.168.123.11
The authenticity of host '192.168.123.11 (192.168.123.11)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:K8rTCcuF2eExTNU/PPHhIFR8EcyhIaJm10FekhTDpHY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:81:63:26:88:d8:47:33:08:41:d9:af:cb:59:66:47:32.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.123.11' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.123.11's password:
Last login: Tue Jan 8 01:15:02 2019 from 192.168.123.1
[root@fupian ~]# exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.123.11 closed.
以其他用户身份(remoteuser)在选定主机(remotehost)上连接到远程shell
[root@fupian ~]# ssh user1@192.168.123.11
user1@192.168.123.11's password:
Last failed login: Tue Jan 8 01:30:01 CST 2019 from 192.168.123.10 on ssh:notty
There were 8 failed login attempts since the last successful login.
[user1@fupian ~]$ exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.123.11 closed.
以远程用户身份(remoteuser)在远程主机(remotehost)上通过将输出返回到本地显示器的方式来执行单一作业
[root@fupian ~]# ip a s ens32
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:60:6a:bf brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.123.10/24 brd 192.168.123.255 scope global ens32
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::8d03:249e:738e:4505/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@fupian ~]# ssh user1@192.168.123.11 '/usr/sbin/ip a s ens32'
user1@192.168.123.11's password:
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:c7:51:8a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.123.11/24 brd 192.168.123.255 scope global ens32
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::c053:1c9b:b708:7f90/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
w命令可以显示当前登录到计算机的用户列表。这对于显示哪些用户使用ssh从哪些远程位置进行了登录以及执行了何种操作等内容特别有用
[root@fupian ~]# w
17:33:44 up 3:25, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root tty1 14:09 37:52 0.22s 0.22s -bash
root pts/0 192.168.123.1 16:56 0.00s 0.16s 0.05s w
1.5 SSH 主机密钥
ssh通过公钥加密的方式保持通信安全。当某一ssh客户端连接到ssh服务器时,在该客户端登录之前,服务器会向其发送公钥副本。这可用于为通信渠道设置安全加密,并可验证客户端的服务器。
当用户第一次使用ssh连接到特定服务器时,ssh命令可在用户的/.ssh/known_hosts文件中存储该服务器的公钥。在此之后每当用户进行连接时,客户端都会通过对比/.ssh/known_hosts文件中的服务器条目和服务器发送的公钥,确保从服务器获得相同的公钥。如果公钥不匹配,客户端会假定网络通信已遭劫持或服务器已被入侵,并且中断连接。
这意味着,如果服务器的公钥发生更改(由于硬盘出现故障导致公钥丢失,或者出于某些正当理由替换公钥),用户则需要更新其~/.ssh/known_hosts文件并删除旧的条目才能够进行登录。
主机ID存储在本地客户端系统上的 ~/.ssh/known_hosts 中
[root@fupian ~]# cat ~/.ssh/known_hosts
192.168.123.11 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBFevY0vpVv1UEQG7iGRJNOQmEgNe2GfLiBUyoWP5GSRX6zAzzKFS4aJXoHO3NthifOXSFw1wn3KwYyUCDRrgCjc=
主机密钥存储在SSH服务器上的 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key* 中
[root@fupian ~]# ls /etc/ssh/*key*
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
2. 配置基于 SSH 密钥的身份验证
用户可通过使用公钥身份验证进行ssh登录身份验证。ssh允许用户使用私钥-公钥方案进行身份验证。这意味着将生成私钥和公钥这两个密钥。私钥文件用作身份验证凭据,像密码一样,必须妥善保管。公钥复制到用户希望登录的系统,用于验证私钥。公钥并不需要保密。拥有公钥的ssh服务器可以发布仅持有您私钥的系统才可解答的问题。因此,可以根据所持有的密钥进行验证。如此一来,就不必在每次访问系统时键入密码,但安全性仍能得到保证。
使用ssh-keygen命令生成密码。将会生成私钥/.ssh/id_rsa和公钥/.ssh/id_rsa.pub。
注意:
生成密钥时,系统将提供指定密码的选项,在访问私钥时必须提供该密码。如果私钥被偷,除颁发者之外的其他任何人很难使用该私钥,因为已使用密码对其进行保护。这样,在攻击者破解并使用私钥前,会有足够的时间生成新的密钥对并删除所有涉及旧密钥的内容。
生成ssh密钥后,密钥将默认存储在家目录下的.ssh/目录中。私钥和公钥的权限就分别为600和644。.ssh目录权限必须是700。
在可以使用基于密钥的身份验证前,需要将公钥复制到目标系统上。可以使用ssh-copy-id完成这一操作
[root@fupian ~]# ssh-copy-id remoteuser@remotehos
通过ssh-copy-id将密钥复制到另一系统时,它默认复制~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub文件
SSH密钥演示
使用 ssh-keygen 创建公钥-私钥对
[root@fupian ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:rq3dEe+dDFC7Hq1HAyHsxQyW51EKrf86hURcNr/h7q0 root@fupian
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .+B o= |
| .+.@o o |
| . Boo ..|
| o.+.. o|
| S oo.o o |
| . +oo= |
| . . =+.o |
| + . +.*+..|
| o.o . =+Eo.|
+----[SHA256]-----+
使用 ssh-copy-id 将公钥复制到远程系统上的正确位置
[root@fupian ~]# ls .ssh/
id_rsa id_rsa.pub
[root@fupian ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.123.11
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.123.11 (192.168.123.11)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:DyNvlgMAeupsn/zQoXx5kIG+na3rOl683Nsbf+T1+f0.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:68:a6:96:43:71:cf:8b:da:bd:c3:32:57:8a:15:60:59.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.123.11's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.123.11'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
使用 ssh 命令无命令登录远程主机
[root@fupian ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.123.11
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.123.11 (192.168.123.11)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:DyNvlgMAeupsn/zQoXx5kIG+na3rOl683Nsbf+T1+f0.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:68:a6:96:43:71:cf:8b:da:bd:c3:32:57:8a:15:60:59.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.123.11's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.123.11'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@fupian ~]# ssh root@192.168.123.11
Last login: Mon Jan 7 22:31:09 2019 from 192.168.123.1
[root@fupian ~]# ip a s eno16777728
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:71:99:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.123.11/24 brd 192.168.123.255 scope global eno16777728
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe71:997f/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
使用 scp 命令传送文件到远程主机
[root@fupian tmp]# scp fp.sh root@192.168.123.10:/tmp
The authenticity of host '192.168.123.10 (192.168.123.10)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is f1:25:2d:de:4e:4f:4f:45:41:44:91:89:64:8e:6b:10.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.123.10' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.123.10's password:
fp.sh 100% 0
使用 scp 命令从远程主机上下载文件到本地
[root@fupian ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg fp.sh initial-setup-ks.cfg 公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面
[root@fupian ~]# rm -f fp.sh
[root@fupian ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg initial-setup-ks.cfg 公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面
[root@fupian ~]# scp root@192.168.123.10:/tmp/fp.sh .
root@192.168.123.10's password:
fp.sh 100% 0 0.0KB/s 00:00
[root@fupian ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg fp.sh initial-setup-ks.cfg 公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面
scp命令常用选项
-r //递归复制
-p //保持权限
-P //端口
-q //静默模式
-a //全部复制
3. 自定义SSH 服务器
虽然OpenSSH服务器通常无需修改,但会提供其他安全措施,可以在配置文件/etc/ssh/sshd_config中修改OpenSSH服务器的各个方面。
PermitRootLogin {yes|no} //是否允许root用户远程登录系统
PermitRootLogin without-password //仅允许root用户基于密钥方式远程登录
PasswordAuthentication {yes|no} //是否启用密码身份验证,默认开启
4.SSH 安全注意事项
- 密码应该经常换且足够复杂
[root@fupian ~]# openssl rand 20 -base64
jx3GIwZjV7rc0+kcQmIS3kdzhNI= //生成20位随机密码
- 使用非默认端口
- 限制登录客户端地址
- 仅监听特定的IP地址
- 禁止管理员直接登录
- 仅允许有限制用户登录
- AllowUsers
- AllowGroups
- 使用基于密钥的认证
- 禁止使用空密码
- 禁止使用SSHv1版本
- 设定空闲会话超时时长
- 利用防火墙设置ssh访问策略
- 限制ssh的访问频度和并发在线数
- 做好日志的备份,经常分析(集中于某台服务器)