享元模式(Flyweight):使用共享对象可有效的支持大量的细粒度的对象。
享元模式的宗旨是共享细粒度对象,将多个对同一对象的访问集中起来,不必为每个访问者创建一个单独的对象,以此来降低内存的消耗。它把对象的信息分为两个部分:内部状态和外部状态。
- 内部状态:指对象共享出来的信息,存储在享元对象内部并且不会随环境的改变而改变。
- 外部状态:指对象得以依赖的一个标记,是随环境改变而改变的、不可共享的状态。
享元模式的应用很常见,池技术就是享元模式的应用,例如数据库连接池、缓冲池、String池等。
结构
享元模式的主要角色组成:
- 抽象享元角色(Flyweight):所有具体享元类的超类或接口,通过这个接口,Flyweight可以接受并作用于外部状态。
- 具体享元角色(ConcreteFlyweight):指定内部状态,为内部状态增加存储空间。
- 非共享具体享元角色(UnsharedConcreteFlyweight):指出那些不需要共享的Flyweight子类。
- 享元工厂角色(FlyweightFactory):用来创建并管理Flyweight对象,主要是用来确保合理地共享Flyweight,当用户请求一个Flyweight时,FlyweightFactory对象提供一个已创建的实例或创建一个实例。
优缺点
优点:
- 减少对象的创建,降低内存中对象的数量,降低系统的内存,提高效率。
- 减少内存之外的其他资源占用。
缺点:
- 享元的对象无法拥有独立的行为。
- 关注内/外部状态、关注线程安全问题。
- 使系统、程序的逻辑复杂化。
代码实现
抽象享元角色(Flyweight)
public abstract class Flyweight {
//内部状态
public String intrinsic;
//外部状态
protected final String extrinsic;
//要求享元角色必须接受外部状态
public Flyweight(String extrinsic) {
this.extrinsic = extrinsic;
}
//定义业务操作
public abstract void operate(int extrinsic);
public String getIntrinsic() {
return intrinsic;
}
public void setIntrinsic(String intrinsic) {
this.intrinsic = intrinsic;
}
}
具体享元角色(ConcreteFlyweight)
public class ConcreteFlyweight extends Flyweight {
//接受外部状态
public ConcreteFlyweight(String extrinsic) {
super(extrinsic);
}
//根据外部状态进行逻辑处理
@Override
public void operate(int extrinsic) {
System.out.println("具体Flyweight:" + extrinsic);
}
}
非共享具体享元角色(UnsharedConcreteFlyweight)
public class UnsharedConcreteFlyweight extends Flyweight {
public UnsharedConcreteFlyweight(String extrinsic) {
super(extrinsic);
}
@Override
public void operate(int extrinsic) {
System.out.println("不共享的具体Flyweight:" + extrinsic);
}
}
享元工厂角色(FlyweightFactory)
public class FlyweightFactory {
//定义一个池容器
private static HashMap<String, Flyweight> pool = new HashMap<>();
//享元工厂
public static Flyweight getFlyweight(String extrinsic) {
Flyweight flyweight = null;
if(pool.containsKey(extrinsic)) { //池中有该对象
flyweight = pool.get(extrinsic);
System.out.print("已有 " + extrinsic + " 直接从池中取---->");
} else {
//根据外部状态创建享元对象
flyweight = new ConcreteFlyweight(extrinsic);
//放入池中
pool.put(extrinsic, flyweight);
System.out.print("创建 " + extrinsic + " 并从池中取出---->");
}
return flyweight;
}
}
客户端
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int extrinsic = 22;
Flyweight flyweightX = FlyweightFactory.getFlyweight("X");
flyweightX.operate(++ extrinsic);
Flyweight flyweightY = FlyweightFactory.getFlyweight("Y");
flyweightY.operate(++ extrinsic);
Flyweight flyweightZ = FlyweightFactory.getFlyweight("Z");
flyweightZ.operate(++ extrinsic);
Flyweight flyweightReX = FlyweightFactory.getFlyweight("X");
flyweightReX.operate(++ extrinsic);
Flyweight unsharedFlyweight = new UnsharedConcreteFlyweight("X");
unsharedFlyweight.operate(++ extrinsic);
}
}
输出结果: