Springer格式要求

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Instructions for Authors

Manuscript Submission

Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

提交稿件意味着：所描述的作品以前从未发表过;它没有被考虑在其他任何地方出版;其出版已得到所有合著者（如果有的话）以及开展工作的研究所的主管当局的默许或明确批准。如果有任何赔偿要求，出版商将不承担法律责任。

Permissions

Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.

Online Submission

Please follow the hyperlink “Submit manuscript” and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.

请按照超链接“提交稿件”，按照屏幕上的说明上传所有稿件文件。

Source Files

Please ensure you provide all relevant editable source files at every submission and revision. Failing to submit a complete set of editable source files will result in your article not being considered for review. For your manuscript text please always submit in common word processing formats such as .docx or LaTeX.

请确保在每次提交和修订时提供所有相关的可编辑源文件。未能提交一套完整的可编辑源文件将导致您的文章不被考虑审核。对于您的稿件文本，请始终以常见的文字处理格式提交，例如.docx或LaTeX。

Please note:

For all queries relating to your paper after submission, please contact the Journal Editorial Office via “contact us” at Editorial Manager

请注意：

对于投稿后与您的论文有关的所有疑问，请通过编辑经理的“联系我们”与期刊编辑部联系

Text

Text Formatting

Manuscripts should be submitted in Word.

Use a normal, plain font (e.g., 10-point Times Roman) for text.
Use italics for emphasis.
Use the automatic page numbering function to number the pages.
Do not use field functions.
Use tab stops or other commands for indents, not the space bar.
Use the table function, not spreadsheets, to make tables.
Use the equation editor or MathType for equations.
Save your file in docx format (Word 2007 or higher) or doc format (older Word versions).

Manuscripts with mathematical content can also be submitted in LaTeX. We recommend using Springer Nature’s LaTeX template.

稿件应在 Word 中提交。

对文本使用普通的纯字体（例如，10 磅罗马时代）。
使用斜体进行强调。
使用自动页码功能对页码进行编号。
不要使用字段函数。
对缩进使用制表位或其他命令，而不是空格键。
使用表格功能（而不是电子表格）制作表格。
对公式使用公式编辑器或 MathType。
以 docx 格式（Word 2007 或更高版本）或文档格式（较旧的 Word 版本）保存文件。

具有数学内容的手稿也可以在LaTeX中提交。我们建议使用施普林格·自然的LaTeX模板。

Headings

Please use the decimal system of headings with no more than three levels.

标题

请使用不超过三个级别的标题的十进制系统。

Abbreviations

Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.

缩写

缩写应在首次提及时定义，并在此后一致使用。

Footnotes

Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not contain any figures or tables.

Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data). Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols.

Always use footnotes instead of endnotes.

脚注

脚注可用于提供其他信息，其中可能包括引用参考文献列表中包括的参考文献。它们不应仅由参考文献引用组成，也不应包含参考文献的书目详细信息。它们也不应包含任何数字或表格。

案文的脚注连续编号;表中的那些应该用上标小写字母（或星号表示显著性值和其他统计数据）表示。标题的脚注或文章的作者没有参考符号。

始终使用脚注而不是尾注。

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate section on the title page. The names of funding organizations should be written in full.

确认

人员、赠款、资金等的致谢应放在标题页上的单独部分中。资助机构的名称应完整书写。

References

Citation

Reference citations in the text should be identified by numbers in square brackets. Some examples:

1. Negotiation research spans many disciplines [3].

2. This result was later contradicted by Becker and Seligman [5].

3. This effect has been widely studied [1-3, 7].

文中的参考引文应用方括号中的数字标识。一些例子：

1. 谈判研究跨越多个学科[3]。

2. 这一结果后来被贝克尔和塞利格曼[5]反驳。

3.这种效应已得到广泛研究[1-3，7]。

Reference list

The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications and unpublished works should only be mentioned in the text.

The entries in the list should be numbered consecutively.

If available, please always include DOIs as full DOI links in your reference list (e.g. “https://doi.org/abc”).

参考文献列表应仅包括文中引用的、已发表或接受出版的作品。个人通信和未发表的作品只能在文中提及。

列表中的条目应连续编号。

如果有，请始终在参考文献列表中将数字对象标识符作为完整的数字对象标识符链接（例如“https://doi.org/abc”）。

Journal article
Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Thevenet D, Nourry C, Nottin S, Bosquet L (2009) Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:731-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0955-8

Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted:理想情况下，应提供所有作者的姓名，但也将接受在长作者列表中使用“et al”：
Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329
Article by DOI
Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086
Book
South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London
Book chapter
Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 230-257
Online document
Cartwright J (2007) Big stars have weather too. IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6/16/1. Accessed 26 June 2007
Dissertation
Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California

Always use the standard abbreviation of a journal’s name according to the ISSN List of Title Word Abbreviations, see

ISSN.org LTWA

If you are unsure, please use the full journal title.

Authors preparing their manuscript in LaTeX can use the bibliography style file sn-basic.bst which is included in the Springer Nature Article Template.

始终根据ISSN标题词缩写列表使用期刊名称的标准缩写，请参阅

ISSN.org LTWA

如果您不确定，请使用完整的期刊标题。

在LaTeX中准备手稿的作者可以使用书目样式文件sn-basic.bst，该文件包含在施普林格自然文章模板中。

Tables

All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
For each table, please supply a table caption (title) explaining the components of the table.
Identify any previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference at the end of the table caption.
Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.

表

所有表格均使用阿拉伯数字编号。
表格应始终以连续的数字顺序在文本中引用。
对于每个表格，请提供表格标题（标题），解释表格的组成部分。
通过在表格标题末尾以参考文献的形式提供原始来源来识别任何以前发表的材料。
表的脚注应用上标小写字母（或显著性值和其他统计数据的星号）表示，并包含在表体下方。

Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines

Electronic Figure Submission

Supply all figures electronically.
Indicate what graphics program was used to create the artwork.
For vector graphics, the preferred format is EPS; for halftones, please use TIFF format. MSOffice files are also acceptable.
Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.
Name your figure files with "Fig" and the figure number, e.g., Fig1.eps.

电子图表提交

以电子方式提供所有数字。
指示用于创建图稿的图形程序。
对于矢量图形，首选格式为 EPS;对于半色调，请使用TIFF格式。MSOffice 文件也是可以接受的。
包含字体的矢量图形必须在文件中嵌入字体。
用“Fig”和图形编号命名您的图形文件，例如 Fig1.eps。

Line Art

Definition: Black and white graphic with no shading.
Do not use faint lines and/or lettering and check that all lines and lettering within the figures are legible at final size.
All lines should be at least 0.1 mm (0.3 pt) wide.
Scanned line drawings and line drawings in bitmap format should have a minimum resolution of 1200 dpi.
Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.

定义：无阴影的黑白图形。
不要使用模糊的线条和/或字母，并检查图形中的所有线条和字母在最终尺寸下是否清晰可辨。
所有线条应至少为 0.1 毫米（0.3 磅）宽。
扫描的线条图和位图格式的线条图的最低分辨率应为 1200 dpi。
包含字体的矢量图形必须在文件中嵌入字体。

Halftone Art

Definition: Photographs, drawings, or paintings with fine shading, etc.
If any magnification is used in the photographs, indicate this by using scale bars within the figures themselves.
Halftones should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.

定义：照片、素描或带有精细阴影的绘画等。
如果在照片中使用了任何放大倍率，请在图形本身中使用比例尺来指示这一点。
半色调的最低分辨率应为 300 dpi。

Combination Art

Definition: a combination of halftone and line art, e.g., halftones containing line drawing, extensive lettering, color diagrams, etc.
Combination artwork should have a minimum resolution of 600 dpi.

定义：半色调和线条艺术的组合，例如，包含线条图、大量字体、颜色图表等的半色调。
组合图稿的最低分辨率应为 600 dpi。

Color Art

Color art is free of charge for online publication.
If black and white will be shown in the print version, make sure that the main information will still be visible. Many colors are not distinguishable from one another when converted to black and white. A simple way to check this is to make a xerographic copy to see if the necessary distinctions between the different colors are still apparent.
If the figures will be printed in black and white, do not refer to color in the captions.
Color illustrations should be submitted as RGB (8 bits per channel).
在线出版的色彩艺术是免费的。
如果在打印版本中将显示黑白，请确保主要信息仍然可见。许多颜色在转换为黑色和白色时无法区分。检查这一点的一种简单方法是制作一份色绘副本，看看不同颜色之间的必要区别是否仍然明显。
如果数字将以黑白打印，请不要在标题中提及颜色。
彩色插图应以RGB（每通道8位）提交。

Figure Lettering

To add lettering, it is best to use Helvetica or Arial (sans serif fonts).
Keep lettering consistently sized throughout your final-sized artwork, usually about 2–3 mm (8–12 pt).
Variance of type size within an illustration should be minimal, e.g., do not use 8-pt type on an axis and 20-pt type for the axis label.
Avoid effects such as shading, outline letters, etc.
Do not include titles or captions within your illustrations.

要添加字体，最好使用Helvetica或Arial（无衬线字体）。
在整个最终尺寸的图稿中保持字体大小一致，通常约为 2-3 毫米（8-12 磅）。
图中文字大小的差异应最小，例如，不要在轴上使用 8 pt 类型，不要在轴标签上使用 20 pt 类型。
避免阴影、轮廓字母等效果。
请勿在插图中包含标题或说明。

Figure Numbering

All figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).
If an appendix appears in your article and it contains one or more figures, continue the consecutive numbering of the main text. Do not number the appendix figures,"A1, A2, A3, etc." Figures in online appendices [Supplementary Information (SI)] should, however, be numbered separately.

所有数字均使用阿拉伯数字编号。
数字应始终以连续的数字顺序在文本中引用。
图部分应用小写字母（a、b、c 等）表示。
如果文章中出现附录并且包含一个或多个图表，请继续对正文进行连续编号。不要对附录图进行编号，“A1，A2，A3等”。但是，在线附录[补充信息（SI）]中的数字应单独编号。

Figure Captions

Each figure should have a concise caption describing accurately what the figure depicts. Include the captions in the text file of the manuscript, not in the figure file.
Figure captions begin with the term Fig. in bold type, followed by the figure number, also in bold type.
No punctuation is to be included after the number, nor is any punctuation to be placed at the end of the caption.
Identify all elements found in the figure in the figure caption; and use boxes, circles, etc., as coordinate points in graphs.
Identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference citation at the end of the figure caption.

每个图形都应有一个简洁的标题，准确描述图形所描绘的内容。将标题包含在手稿的文本文件中，而不是在图表文件中。
图说明以术语“图”开头。粗体字，后跟数字编号，也加粗体字。
数字后不得包含标点符号，标题末尾也不得放置任何标点符号。
在图标题中识别在图中找到的所有元素;并使用方框、圆圈等作为图形中的坐标点。
通过在图标题末尾以参考引用的形式提供原始来源来识别以前发表的材料。

Figure Placement and Size

Figures should be submitted within the body of the text. Only if the file size of the manuscript causes problems in uploading it, the large figures should be submitted separately from the text.
When preparing your figures, size figures to fit in the column width.
For large-sized journals the figures should be 84 mm (for double-column text areas), or 174 mm (for single-column text areas) wide and not higher than 234 mm.
For small-sized journals, the figures should be 119 mm wide and not higher than 195 mm.

数字应在正文中提交。只有当稿件的文件大小导致上传出现问题时，大数字才应与文本分开提交。
准备数字时，调整数字大小以适合列宽。
对于大型期刊，数字应为84毫米（对于双栏文本区域）或174毫米（对于单列文本区域）宽且不高于234毫米。
对于小型期刊，数字应为119毫米宽，不高于195毫米。

Permissions

If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free and that Springer will not be able to refund any costs that may have occurred to receive these permissions. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.

Accessibility

In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your figures, please make sure that

All figures have descriptive captions (blind users could then use a text-to-speech software or a text-to-Braille hardware)
Patterns are used instead of or in addition to colors for conveying information (colorblind users would then be able to distinguish the visual elements)
Any figure lettering has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1

为了让所有能力和残疾的人都能访问您的人物内容，请确保