《python从入门到实践》——外星人入侵项目完结

《python学习，从入门到实践》 项目一 “外星人入侵”

一.settings.py（所有的参数设置）

# coding=utf-8
class Settings():
    """存储游戏所有设置"""
    def __init__(self):
        """初始化游戏的静态设置"""
        # 屏幕设置
        self.screen_width = 1200
        self.screen_height = 800
        self.bg_color = (255, 255, 255)

        # 飞船的设置
        # self.ship_speed_factor = 2
        self.ship_limit = 3

        # 子弹的设置
        # self.bullet_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_width = 3
        self.bullet_height = 15
        self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
        self.bullets_allowed = 12

        # 创建外星人移动
        # self.alien_speed_factor = 1
        self.fleet_drop_speed = 20

        # fleet_direction为1表示向右，-1表示向左
        # self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 以什么养的速度加快游戏节奏
        self.speedup_scale = 1.1
        # 外星人点数增加
        self.score_scale = 1.5

        self.initialize_dynamic_settings()

    def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
        """初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置"""
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
        self.alien_speed_factor = 1

        # fleet_direction为1表示向右，-1表示向左
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 记分
        self.alien_points = 50

    def increase_speed(self):
        """提高速度设置和外星人点数"""
        self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale

        self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)
        print(self.alien_points)

二.ship.py(飞船的类)

# coding=utf-8
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Ship(Sprite):
    def __init__(self, screen, ai_settings):
        super(Ship, self).__init__()
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        # 加载飞船图像，获取外接矩形
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect() # 获取飞船矩形
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect() # 获取屏幕矩形

        # 将飞船放到屏幕中间与底部
        self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx # 屏幕x轴中心给飞船
        self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom # 屏幕底部y轴给飞船

        # 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值（rect只能取整数）
        self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)

        # 移动标志
        self.moving_right = False
        self.moving_left = False

    def center_ship(self):
        """让飞船在屏幕上剧中"""
        self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx

    def update(self):
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
            self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
        elif self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
            self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor

        # 根据self.center更新rect
        self.rect.centerx = self.center

    def blitme(self):
        """绘制飞船"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

三.bullet.py (子弹类)

# coding=utf-8
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Bullet(Sprite):
    """对子弹进行管理"""

    def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen, ship):
        """在飞船的位置创造一个子弹的对象"""
        super(Bullet, self).__init__() # 先找到Bullet的父类，将所有的self转化为其属性
        self.screen = screen

        # 在（0，0）处创建一个子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_setting.bullet_width, ai_setting.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.top = ship.rect.top

        # 存储小数表示子弹的位置
        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

        self.color = ai_setting.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor = ai_setting.bullet_speed_factor

    def update_bullet(self):
        """向上移动子弹"""
        # 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
        self.y -= self.speed_factor

        # 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
        self.rect.y = self.y

    def draw_bullet(self):
        """在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)

四.button.py（按钮的类）

import pygame.font


class Button():
    """初始化按钮的属性"""

    def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen, msg):
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        # 设置按钮的尺寸和属性
        self.width, self.height = 200, 50
        self.button_color = (255, 255, 0)
        self.text_color = (60, 60, 60)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)

        # 创建按钮的rect对象，并使其居中
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height)
        self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center

        # 按钮的标签只需要一次
        self.preq_msg(msg)

    def preq_msg(self, msg):
        """将msg渲染为图像，并使其在按钮上剧中"""
        self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color, self.button_color)
        self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
        self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center

    def draw_button(self):
        # 绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)

五.alien.py (外星人类)

# coding=utf-8
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Alien(Sprite):
    """表示单个外星人的类"""

    def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen):
        """初始化外星人并设置其初始位置"""
        super(Alien, self).__init__()
        self.ai_setting = ai_setting
        self.screen = screen

        # 加载外星人图像，并设置rect值
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.jpg')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()

        # 每个外星人最初都在屏幕的左上角附近
        self.rect.x = 0
        self.rect.y = 0

        # 存储每个外星人的准确位置
        self.x = float(self.rect.x)
        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

    def blitme(self):
        """指定位置绘制外星人"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)

    def check_edges(self):
        """如果外星人到达边缘则返回True"""
        screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left <= 0:
            return True

    def update(self):
        """向右移动外星人"""
        self.x += self.ai_setting.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_setting.fleet_direction
        self.rect.x = self.x

六.scoreboard.py (记分板)

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship


class Scoreboard():
    """显示得分信息的类"""

    def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen, stats):
        """初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
        self.ai_setting = ai_setting
        self.stats = stats

        # 显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
        self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)

        # 准备初始得分图像,最高得分图像
        self.prep_high_score()
        self.prep_score()
        self.prep_level()
        self.prep_ships()

    def prep_high_score(self):
        """将最高得分转化为渲染的图像"""
        high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score, -1))
        high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score) # 字符串的调用，数据中加入逗号 1,000,000
        self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)

        # 将最高得分放到屏幕中央
        self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.high_score_rect.top = self.screen_rect.top

    def prep_score(self):
        """将得分转化为一幅渲染的图像"""
        rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score, -1))
        score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)

        # 将得分放在屏幕右上角
        self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
        self.score_rect.left = self.screen_rect.left - 20
        self.score_rect.top = 20

    def show_score(self):
        """在屏幕上显示得分和飞船"""
        self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.screen_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)

        # 绘制飞船
        self.ships.draw(self.screen)

    def prep_level(self):
        """将等级转换为渲染的图像"""
        self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level), True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)

        # 将等级放到分下方
        self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
        self.level_rect.left = self.score_rect.left
        self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10

    def prep_ships(self):
        """显示余下还有多少飞船"""
        self.ships = Group()
        for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
            # ship = Ship(self.ai_setting, self.screen)
            ship = Ship(self.screen, self.ai_setting)
            ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
            ship.rect.y = 10
            self.ships.add(ship)

七.game_stats.py (游戏数据统计参数)

# coding=utf-8
class GameStats():
    """跟踪游戏的统计信息"""

    def __init__(self, ai_setting):
        self.ai_setting = ai_setting
        self.reset_stats()

        # 任何情况下都不应该重置最高得分
        self.high_score = 0

        # 游戏启动时处于非活动状态,要通过play按键才可以启动
        self.game_active = False

    def reset_stats(self):
        """初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
        self.ships_left = self.ai_setting.ship_limit
        # 在reset_stats中重置，因为每次游戏开始都重置得分
        self.score = 0
        self.level = 1

八.game_functions.py (游戏功能集合)

# coding=utf-8
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
from time import sleep


def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets): # 其他文件中已经定义的对象引入
    """响应按键"""
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_SPACE:
        fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
    elif event.key == pygame.K_q: # 按下Q键就可以结束游戏
        sys.exit()


def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
    """如果没有到达极限，就发射一颗子弹"""
    # 创建一颗子弹并加入到编组bullets中
    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
        new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
        bullets.add(new_bullet)


def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
        """响应松开"""
        if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
            ship.moving_right = False
        elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
            ship.moving_left = False


def check_events(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets):
        """响应按键和鼠标"""
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                sys.exit()
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                check_keydown_events(event, ai_setting, screen, ship, bullets)
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                check_keyup_events(event, ship)
            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
                check_play_button(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)


def check_play_button(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):
    """单击play按钮时开始游戏"""

    # if play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y):
    # 当单机play区域并且初始为false时才有效
    button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y)
    if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:

        # 重置游戏设置
        ai_setting.initialize_dynamic_settings()

        # 隐藏光标（游戏开始后）
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)

        # 重置游戏统计信息
        stats.reset_stats()
        stats.game_active = True

        # 重置记分牌
        sb.prep_score()
        sb.prep_level()
        sb.prep_high_score()
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        # 船舰一群新的外星人并让飞船剧中
        create_fleet(ai_setting, screen, ship, aliens)
        ship.center_ship()


def update_bullets(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """更新子弹的位置和删除消失的子弹"""
    # 更新子弹位置
    bullets.update()

    # 删除已经消失的子弹
    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)
        print(len(bullets))  # 显示子弹余数
    check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)


def check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    # 检查是否有子弹击中了外星人
    # 如果是这样。删除对应的子弹和外星人
    collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)

    if collisions:
        for aliens in collisions.values():
          stats.score += ai_setting.alien_points * len(aliens)
          sb.prep_score()
        check_high_score(stats, sb)

    # 外星人打完了
    if len(aliens) == 0:
        # 删除现有的子弹，加快游戏节奏，并创建一群新的外星人
        bullets.empty()
        ai_setting.increase_speed()

        # 提高等级
        stats.level += 1
        sb.prep_level()

        create_fleet(ai_setting, screen, ship, aliens)


def check_high_score(stats, sb):
    """检查是否诞生了最高得分"""
    if stats.score > stats.high_score:
        stats.high_score = stats.score
        sb.prep_score()


def get_number_aliens_x(ai_setting, alien_width):
    """计算每行可容纳多少外星人"""
    available_space_x = ai_setting.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
    number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x /(2 * alien_width))
    return number_aliens_x


def get_number_alien_y(ai_setting, alien_height, ship_height):
    """计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人"""
    available_space_y = ai_setting.screen_height - ship_height-alien_height
    number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
    return number_rows


def create_alien(ai_setting, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
    """创建一个外星人并将其当前行"""
    alien = Alien(ai_setting, screen)
    alien_width = alien.rect.width
    alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
    alien.rect.x = alien.x
    alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
    aliens.add(alien)


def create_fleet(ai_setting, screen, ship, aliens):
    """创建外星人群"""
    # 创建一个外星人，并计算每行可容纳多少个外星人
    alien = Alien(ai_setting, screen)
    number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_setting, alien.rect.width)
    number_rows = get_number_alien_y(ai_setting, alien.rect.height, ship.rect.height)

    # 创建第一个外星人
    for row_number in range(number_rows):
       for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
            create_alien(ai_setting, screen, aliens, alien_number,row_number)


def check_fleet_edges(ai_setting, aliens):
    """外星人到达边缘时采取对应的措施"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.check_edges():
            change_fleet_direction(ai_setting, aliens)
            break


def change_fleet_direction(ai_setting, aliens):
    """外星人下移动，并改变方向"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y += ai_setting.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_setting.fleet_direction *= -1


def ship_hit(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """响应被外星人撞到飞船"""
    if stats.ships_left > 0:
        # 将ships_left减1
        stats.ships_left -= 1
        print("ships_left:%d" % stats.ships_left)

        # 更新记分牌
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        # 创建一群新的外星人，并创建一个飞船
        create_fleet(ai_setting, screen, ship, aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

        # 暂停
        sleep(2)
    else:
        stats.game_active = False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)# 游戏结束后光标才显示

   # if stats.ships_left == 0:
    #    print("game over")
     #   sys.exit() 飞船没有了就游戏结束了


def check_aliens_bottom(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端"""
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
            # 像飞船被撞到一样处理
            ship_hit(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)


def update_aliens(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """更新外星人群中所有的外星人位置"""
    check_fleet_edges(ai_setting, aliens)
    aliens.update()

    # 检测外星人和飞船有无碰撞
    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
        ship_hit(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)

    # 检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
    check_aliens_bottom(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
   # sys.exit()撞到之后游戏窗口结束


def update_screen(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button):
    """更新屏幕的图像，切换到屏幕"""

    # 每次循环更新屏幕
    screen.fill(ai_setting.bg_color)

    # 在飞船和外星人后面重绘制所有子弹
    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
        bullet.draw_bullet() # 子弹绘制
        bullet.update_bullet() # 子弹移动
    ship.blitme()
    aliens.draw(screen)

    # 显示得分
    sb.show_score()

    # 如果游戏处于非活动状态，就绘制play按钮
    # 注意这个顺序很重要，要在绘制子弹飞船的后面，不然就后面的屏幕覆盖了
    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()

    # 让最近的图像可见
    pygame.display.flip()

九.alien_invasion.py (外星人入侵主函数)

# coding=utf-8
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
from alien import Alien
from game_stats import GameStats
from button import Button
from scoreboard import Scoreboard


def run_game():
    """初始化游戏并创建一个对象"""
    pygame.init()
    ai_setting = Settings()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_setting.screen_width, ai_setting.screen_height))
    pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")

    # 创建Play按钮
    play_button = Button(ai_setting, screen, "Play")

    # 创建一个用于存储子弹的编组
    bullets = Group()

    # 船舰一艘肺循环
    ship = Ship(screen, ai_setting)

    # 创建一个外星人编组
    aliens = Group()

    # 创建外星人群
    gf.create_fleet(ai_setting, screen, ship, aliens)

    # 创建一个用于存储游戏统计信息的实例
    stats = GameStats(ai_setting)

    # 创建存储游戏统计信息的实例，并创建记分牌
    sb = Scoreboard(ai_setting, screen, stats)

    # 开始主循环
    while True:

        gf.check_events(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets)

        if stats.game_active:
            ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
            gf.update_aliens(ai_setting, stats, sb, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)

        gf.update_screen(ai_setting, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button)
        # 屏幕图像的跟新当然是最后一个

run_game()

项目涉及到的飞船和外星人图片请点这里

直接运行 alien_invasion.py 主函数即可