文本预处理与n元语法

文本预处理

1. 读入文本
2. 分词
3. 建立字典，将每个词映射到一个唯一的索引（index）
4. 将文本从词的序列转换为索引的序列，方便输入模型

读入文本

import collections
import re

def read_time_machine():
    with open('/home/kesci/input/timemachine7163/timemachine.txt', 'r') as f:
        lines = [re.sub('[^a-z]+', ' ', line.strip().lower()) for line in f]
    return lines


lines = read_time_machine()
print('# sentences %d' % len(lines))

分词

将一个句子划分为若干个token

def tokenize(sentences, token='word'):
    """Split sentences into word or char tokens"""
    if token == 'word':
        return [sentence.split(' ') for sentence in sentences]
    elif token == 'char':
        return [list(sentence) for sentence in sentences]
    else:
        print('ERROR: unkown token type '+token)

tokens = tokenize(lines)
tokens[0:2]

建立字典

class Vocab(object):
    def __init__(self, tokens, min_freq=0, use_special_tokens=False):
        counter = count_corpus(tokens)  # : 
        self.token_freqs = list(counter.items())
        self.idx_to_token = []
        if use_special_tokens:
            # padding, begin of sentence, end of sentence, unknown
            self.pad, self.bos, self.eos, self.unk = (0, 1, 2, 3)
            self.idx_to_token += ['', '', '', '']
        else:
            self.unk = 0
            self.idx_to_token += ['']
        self.idx_to_token += [token for token, freq in self.token_freqs
                        if freq >= min_freq and token not in self.idx_to_token]
        self.token_to_idx = dict()
        for idx, token in enumerate(self.idx_to_token):
            self.token_to_idx[token] = idx

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.idx_to_token)

    def __getitem__(self, tokens):
        if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)):
            return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk)
        return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]

    def to_tokens(self, indices):
        if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)):
            return self.idx_to_token[indices]
        return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices]

def count_corpus(sentences):
    tokens = [tk for st in sentences for tk in st]
    return collections.Counter(tokens)  # 返回一个字典，记录每个词的出现次数

# 将词转化为索引
for i in range(8, 10):
    print('words:', tokens[i])
    print('indices:', vocab[tokens[i]])

用现有工具包分词

NLTK

text = "Mr. Chen doesn't agree with my suggestion."

from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk import data
data.path.append('/home/kesci/input/nltk_data3784/nltk_data')
print(word_tokenize(text))

SPACY

import spacy
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')
doc = nlp(text)
print([token.text for token in doc])

语言模型（基于统计的语言模型）

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n元语法

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相邻采样

在相邻采样中，相邻的两个随机小批量在原始序列上的位置相毗邻

随机采样

下面的代码每次从数据里随机采样一个小批量。其中批量大小batch_size是每个小批量的样本数，num_steps是每个样本所包含的时间步数。 在随机采样中，每个样本是原始序列上任意截取的一段序列，相邻的两个随机小批量在原始序列上的位置不一定相毗邻。