扩展的friend语法

C++11中，friend的使用更为方便

class Poly;
typedef Poly P;

class LiLei
{
friend class Poly; // C++98 - 通过, C++11 - 通过
};

class Jim
{
friend Poly; // C++98 - 失败, C++11 - 通过 C++11中不需要使用类
};

class HanMeiMei
{
friend P; // C++98 - 失败, C++11 - 通过 C++11中甚至可以使用别名
};

虽然是简单的改动，但此时，我们可以为类模板声明友元了。下面看一个例子
// 为了方便测试，做了危险的定义
#ifdef UNIT_TEST
#define private public
#endif

class Defender
{
public:
void Defence(int x, int y) {}
void Tackle(int x, int y) {}
private:
int pos_x = 15;
int pos_y = 0;
int speed = 2;
int stamina = 120;
};

class Attacker
{
public:
void Move(int x, int y) {}
void SpeedUp(float ratio) {}
private:
int pos_x = 0;
int pos_y = -30;
int speed = 3;
int stamina = 100;
};

#ifdef UNIT_TEST
class Validator
{
public:
void Validate(int x, int y, Defender & d) {}
void Validate(int x, int y, Attacker & a) {}
};

int main()
{
Defender d;
Attacker a;
a.Move(15, 30);
d.Defence(15, 30);
a.SpeedUp(1.5f);
d.Defence(15, 30);
Validator v;
v.Validate(7, 0, d);
v.Validate(1, -10, a);
return 0;
}
#endif

代码
#define private public
的坏处显而易见，它不但降低了可读性，并且如果声明成员函数或成员变量时，不使用 private或public，默认是private。
接下来看看使用friend的类模板

template class DefenderT
{
public:
friend T;
void Defence(int x, int y) {}
void Tackle(int x, int y) {}

private:
int pos_x = 15;
int pos_y = 0;
int speed = 2;
int stamina = 120;
};

template class AttackerT
{
public:
friend T;
void Move(int x, int y) {}
void SpeedUp(float ratio) {}

private:
int pos_x = 0;
int pos_y = -30;
int speed = 3;
int stamina = 100;
};
//按照C++的定义，Defender和Attacker不会有友元，因而保持了很好的封装性
using Defender = DefenderT; // 普通的类定义，使用int做参数
using Attacker = AttackerT;

#ifdef UNIT_TEST
class Validator
{
public:
void Validate(int x, int y, DefenderTest & d) {}
void Validate(int x, int y, AttackerTest & a) {}
};

using DefenderTest = DefenderT; // 测试专用的定义，Validator类成为友元，可任意访问
using AttackerTest = AttackerT;

int main()
{
DefenderTest d;
AttackerTest a;
a.Move(15, 30);
d.Defence(15, 30);
a.SpeedUp(1.5f);
d.Defence(15, 30);
Validator v;
v.Validate(7, 0, d);
v.Validate(1, -10, a);
return 0;
}
#endif