14.7：C++网络编程的多路复用和IO模型！（课程共7100字，2段代码举例）

🌷🌷🌷🌷① 基于select函数的多路复用
🌷🌷🌷🌷② 基于epoll函数的多路复用

① 基于select函数的多路复用

select函数是一种多路复用技术，它可以同时监视多个文件描述符的状态，当某个文件描述符就绪时，select函数会返回该文件描述符的信息。在C++网络编程中，我们可以利用select函数实现多个客户端和一个服务端之间的通信。以下是一个基于select函数的C++网络编程例子：

#include <iostream>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <cstring>

int main() {
    int server_fd, client_fd;
    struct sockaddr_in server_addr{}, client_addr{};
    char buffer[1024]{};
    fd_set read_fds, all_fds;
    int max_fd, fd_num;

    // 创建socket
    server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (server_fd < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to create socket" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    // 绑定地址
    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
    server_addr.sin_port = htons(8080);
    if (bind(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *) &server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to bind address" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    // 监听连接
    if (listen(server_fd, 5) < 0) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to listen connections" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    // 初始化文件描述符集合
    FD_ZERO(&all_fds);
    FD_SET(server_fd, &all_fds);
    max_fd = server_fd;

    // 循环等待客户端连接
    while (true) {
        read_fds = all_fds;
        fd_num = select(max_fd + 1, &read_fds, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
        if (fd_num < 0) {
            std::cerr << "Failed to select" << std::endl;
            return -1;
        }

        // 处理新的客户端连接
        if (FD_ISSET(server_fd, &read_fds)) {
            socklen_t client_len = sizeof(client_addr);
            client_fd = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *) &client_addr, &client_len);
            if (client_fd < 0) {
                std::cerr << "Failed to accept client connection" << std::endl;
                return -1;
            }
            std::cout << "New client connected, fd=" << client_fd << std::endl;
            FD_SET(client_fd, &all_fds);
            max_fd = std::max(max_fd, client_fd);