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1. 前言
最近玩树莓派，经常看到这个命令，所以有必要还是要学习一下。
curl 是常用的命令行工具，用来请求 Web 服务器。
- curl是一个非常实用的、用来与服务器之间传输数据的工具；
- 支持的协议包括 (DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET and TFTP)
- curl设计为无用户交互下完成工作；
- curl提供了一大堆非常有用的功能，包括代理访问、用户认证、ftp上传下载、HTTP POST、SSL连接、cookie支持、断点续传…。
2. curl命令常用参数
Linux上遇事不决就help命令。
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl --help all
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
--abstract-unix-socket <path> Connect via abstract Unix domain socket
--alt-svc <file name> Enable alt-svc with this cache file
--anyauth Pick any authentication method
-a, --append Append to target file when uploading
--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication
--cacert <file> CA certificate to verify peer against
--capath <dir> CA directory to verify peer against
-E, --cert <certificate[:password]> Client certificate file and password
--cert-status Verify the status of the server certificate
--cert-type <type> Certificate type (DER/PEM/ENG)
--ciphers <list of ciphers> SSL ciphers to use
--compressed Request compressed response
--compressed-ssh Enable SSH compression
-K, --config <file> Read config from a file
--connect-timeout <seconds> Maximum time allowed for connection
--connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2> Connect to host
-C, --continue-at <offset> Resumed transfer offset
-b, --cookie <data|filename> Send cookies from string/file
-c, --cookie-jar <filename> Write cookies to <filename> after operation
--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy
--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload
--crlfile <file> Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
--curves <algorithm list> (EC) TLS key exchange algorithm(s) to request
-d, --data <data> HTTP POST data
--data-ascii <data> HTTP POST ASCII data
--data-binary <data> HTTP POST binary data
--data-raw <data> HTTP POST data, '@' allowed
--data-urlencode <data> HTTP POST data url encoded
--delegation <LEVEL> GSS-API delegation permission
--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication
-q, --disable Disable .curlrc
--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT
--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV
--disallow-username-in-url Disallow username in url
--dns-interface <interface> Interface to use for DNS requests
--dns-ipv4-addr <address> IPv4 address to use for DNS requests
--dns-ipv6-addr <address> IPv6 address to use for DNS requests
--dns-servers <addresses> DNS server addrs to use
--doh-url <URL> Resolve host names over DOH
-D, --dump-header <filename> Write the received headers to <filename>
--egd-file <file> EGD socket path for random data
--engine <name> Crypto engine to use
--etag-compare <file> Pass an ETag from a file as a custom header
--etag-save <file> Parse ETag from a request and save it to a file
--expect100-timeout <seconds> How long to wait for 100-continue
-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors
--fail-early Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
--false-start Enable TLS False Start
-F, --form <name=content> Specify multipart MIME data
--form-string <name=string> Specify multipart MIME data
--ftp-account <data> Account data string
--ftp-alternative-to-user <command> String to replace USER [name]
--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present
--ftp-method <method> Control CWD usage
--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT
-P, --ftp-port <address> Use PORT instead of PASV
--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV
--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV
--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating
--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive> Set CCC mode
--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer
-G, --get Put the post data in the URL and use GET
-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
--happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <milliseconds> Time for IPv6 before trying IPv4
--haproxy-protocol Send HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header
-I, --head Show document info only
-H, --header <header/@file> Pass custom header(s) to server
-h, --help <category> Get help for commands
--hostpubmd5 <md5> Acceptable MD5 hash of the host public key
--hsts <file name> Enable HSTS with this cache file
--http0.9 Allow HTTP 0.9 responses
-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0
--http1.1 Use HTTP 1.1
--http2 Use HTTP 2
--http2-prior-knowledge Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade
--http3 Use HTTP v3
--ignore-content-length Ignore the size of the remote resource
-i, --include Include protocol response headers in the output
-k, --insecure Allow insecure server connections when using SSL
--interface <name> Use network INTERFACE (or address)
-4, --ipv4 Resolve names to IPv4 addresses
-6, --ipv6 Resolve names to IPv6 addresses
-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file
--keepalive-time <seconds> Interval time for keepalive probes
--key <key> Private key file name
--key-type <type> Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG)
--krb <level> Enable Kerberos with security <level>
--libcurl <file> Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
--limit-rate <speed> Limit transfer speed to RATE
-l, --list-only List only mode
--local-port <num/range> Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
-L, --location Follow redirects
--location-trusted Like --location, and send auth to other hosts
--login-options <options> Server login options
--mail-auth <address> Originator address of the original email
--mail-from <address> Mail from this address
--mail-rcpt <address> Mail to this address
--mail-rcpt-allowfails Allow RCPT TO command to fail for some recipients
-M, --manual Display the full manual
--max-filesize <bytes> Maximum file size to download
--max-redirs <num> Maximum number of redirects allowed
-m, --max-time <seconds> Maximum time allowed for the transfer
--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file
--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication
-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password
--netrc-file <filename> Specify FILE for netrc
--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL
-:, --next Make next URL use its separate set of options
--no-alpn Disable the ALPN TLS extension
-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream
--no-keepalive Disable TCP keepalive on the connection
--no-npn Disable the NPN TLS extension
--no-progress-meter Do not show the progress meter
--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing
--noproxy <no-proxy-list> List of hosts which do not use proxy
--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication
--ntlm-wb Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind
--oauth2-bearer <token> OAuth 2 Bearer Token
-o, --output <file> Write to file instead of stdout
--output-dir <dir> Directory to save files in
-Z, --parallel Perform transfers in parallel
--parallel-immediate Do not wait for multiplexing (with --parallel)
--parallel-max Maximum concurrency for parallel transfers
--pass <phrase> Pass phrase for the private key
--path-as-is Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
--pinnedpubkey <hashes> FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against
--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301
--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302
--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303
--preproxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy first
-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a bar
--proto <protocols> Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
--proto-default <protocol> Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
--proto-redir <protocols> Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
-x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy
--proxy-anyauth Pick any proxy authentication method
--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy
--proxy-cacert <file> CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy
--proxy-capath <dir> CA directory to verify peer against for proxy
--proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]> Set client certificate for proxy
--proxy-cert-type <type> Client certificate type for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-ciphers <list> SSL ciphers to use for proxy
--proxy-crlfile <file> Set a CRL list for proxy
--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy
--proxy-header <header/@file> Pass custom header(s) to proxy
--proxy-insecure Do HTTPS proxy connections without verifying the proxy
--proxy-key <key> Private key for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-key-type <type> Private key file type for proxy
--proxy-negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy
--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy
--proxy-pass <phrase> Pass phrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes> FILE/HASHES public key to verify proxy with
--proxy-service-name <name> SPNEGO proxy service name
--proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw for interop for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list> TLS 1.3 proxy cipher suites
--proxy-tlsauthtype <type> TLS authentication type for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlspassword <string> TLS password for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlsuser <name> TLS username for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlsv1 Use TLSv1 for HTTPS proxy
-U, --proxy-user <user:password> Proxy user and password
--proxy1.0 <host[:port]> Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
-p, --proxytunnel Operate through an HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
--pubkey <key> SSH Public key file name
-Q, --quote Send command(s) to server before transfer
--random-file <file> File for reading random data from
-r, --range <range> Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
--raw Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding
-e, --referer <URL> Referrer URL
-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename
-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file
--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output
-X, --request <command> Specify request command to use
--request-target Specify the target for this request
--resolve <host:port:addr[,addr]...> Resolve the host+port to this address
--retry <num> Retry request if transient problems occur
--retry-all-errors Retry all errors (use with --retry)
--retry-connrefused Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
--retry-delay <seconds> Wait time between retries
--retry-max-time <seconds> Retry only within this period
--sasl-authzid <identity> Identity for SASL PLAIN authentication
--sasl-ir Enable initial response in SASL authentication
--service-name <name> SPNEGO service name
-S, --show-error Show error even when -s is used
-s, --silent Silent mode
--socks4 <host[:port]> SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
--socks4a <host[:port]> SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
--socks5 <host[:port]> SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
--socks5-basic Enable username/password auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi Enable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
--socks5-gssapi-service <name> SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
--socks5-hostname <host[:port]> SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
-Y, --speed-limit <speed> Stop transfers slower than this
-y, --speed-time <seconds> Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after this time
--ssl Try SSL/TLS
--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop
--ssl-no-revoke Disable cert revocation checks (Schannel)
--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS
--ssl-revoke-best-effort Ignore missing/offline cert CRL dist points
-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2
-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3
--stderr Where to redirect stderr
--styled-output Enable styled output for HTTP headers
--suppress-connect-headers Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
--tcp-fastopen Use TCP Fast Open
--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option
-t, --telnet-option <opt=val> Set telnet option
--tftp-blksize <value> Set TFTP BLKSIZE option
--tftp-no-options Do not send any TFTP options
-z, --time-cond <time> Transfer based on a time condition
--tls-max <VERSION> Set maximum allowed TLS version
--tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list> TLS 1.3 cipher suites to use
--tlsauthtype <type> TLS authentication type
--tlspassword TLS password
--tlsuser <name> TLS user name
-1, --tlsv1 Use TLSv1.0 or greater
--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 or greater
--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 or greater
--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 or greater
--tlsv1.3 Use TLSv1.3 or greater
--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding
--trace <file> Write a debug trace to FILE
--trace-ascii <file> Like --trace, but without hex output
--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
--unix-socket <path> Connect through this Unix domain socket
-T, --upload-file <file> Transfer local FILE to destination
--url <url> URL to work with
-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer
-u, --user <user:password> Server user and password
-A, --user-agent <name> Send User-Agent <name> to server
-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative
-V, --version Show version number and quit
-w, --write-out <format> Use output FORMAT after completion
--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes
pi@raspberrypi:~ $
一句话，真的非常多参数。
参考资料：
2.1 不带有任何参数时，curl 就是发出 GET 请求
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl www.baidu.com
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
这里直接访问百度，获得了百度的html内容。
2.2 -i参数打印出服务器回应的 HTTP 标头。
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl -i www.baidu.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 2381
Content-Type: text/html
Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 14:07:40 GMT
Etag: "588604d8-94d"
Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:52 GMT
Pragma: no-cache
Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
2.3 -I参数向服务器发出 HEAD 请求，然会将服务器返回的 HTTP 标头打印出来。
这里只是发起head请求。
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl -I www.baidu.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 277
Content-Type: text/html
Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 14:08:21 GMT
Etag: "575e1f72-115"
Last-Modified: Mon, 13 Jun 2016 02:50:26 GMT
Pragma: no-cache
Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
pi@raspberrypi:~ $
2.4 -o参数将服务器的回应保存成文件，等同于wget命令
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl -o baidu.html www.baidu.com
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 2381 100 2381 0 0 62657 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 62657
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ls -al
total 132
drwxr-xr-x 21 pi pi 4096 Nov 14 14:11 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 22 02:02 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 0 Nov 10 12:29 100
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 2381 Nov 14 14:11 baidu.html
-rw------- 1 pi pi 16304 Nov 14 05:42 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 220 Sep 22 01:05 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 3523 Sep 22 01:05 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Sep 22 01:14 Bookshelf
2.5 -O参数将服务器回应保存成文件，并将 URL 的最后部分当作文件名
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ curl -O https://www.baidu.com/index.html
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 2443 100 2443 0 0 23718 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 23950
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ls -al
total 132
drwxr-xr-x 21 pi pi 4096 Nov 14 14:13 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Sep 22 02:02 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 0 Nov 10 12:29 100
-rw------- 1 pi pi 16304 Nov 14 05:42 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 220 Sep 22 01:05 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 3523 Sep 22 01:05 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Sep 22 01:14 Bookshelf
drwxr-xr-x 5 pi pi 4096 Nov 5 01:14 .cache
drwx------ 10 pi pi 4096 Nov 8 14:24 .config
drwx------ 2 pi pi 4096 Nov 5 01:11 .cups
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Sep 22 02:02 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Sep 22 02:02 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Sep 22 02:02 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Nov 8 15:44 frp_0.45.0_linux_arm
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 13 04:46 homeassistant
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 2443 Nov 14 14:13 index.html
3. curl命令参数详解
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