C++primer第一章及答案：main函数与输入输出

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一、编写一个简单的C++程序

int main() {
	return -1;
} 

函数中其中一个函数必须命名为main，一个函数的定义有四部分。main返回值必须为int（0表示成功，负数表示失败）

可在命令行输入下列函数获取main返回值

echo $? #$?表示./a.out的返回值

二、输入输出

主要使用iostream库，四个基本函数：cin，cout，cerr与clog。endl为操作符，换行且将缓冲区buff的内容刷到设备中。cerr与clog的区别在于cerr不需要经过缓冲区直接输出。

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Hellow World " <<std::endl;

	return 0;
}

三、注释

单行：//
多行：/* 内容 */

四、控制流

用while控制输入输出流，在windows系统下ctrl+z为结束标志,在linux系统下ctrl+d为结束标志，空格与回车将字符隔开

# include<iostream>

int main(){
    int sum = 0,value = 0;
    while (std::cin >> value)
    {
        sum += value;
    }
    std::cout << sum; 
}

五、类

为了方便后续操作，需要先给出Sales_item.h文件，这里不需要纠结其细节。

#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined 
#define SALESITEM_H


// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270 
// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool 
operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
    // constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
    // default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
#if defined(IN_CLASS_INITS) && defined(DEFAULT_FCNS)
    Sales_item() = default;
#else
    Sales_item(): units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
#endif
    Sales_item(const std::string &book):
              bookNo(book), units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
    Sales_item(std::istream &is) { is >> *this; }
public:
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    // member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
    Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);
    
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
    double avg_price() const;
// private members as before
private:
    std::string bookNo;      // implicitly initialized to the empty string
#ifdef IN_CLASS_INITS
    unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
    double revenue = 0.0;
#else
    unsigned units_sold;  
    double revenue;       
#endif
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs) 
{ return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn(); }

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool 
operator==(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    // must be made a friend of Sales_item
    return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
           lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
           lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool 
operator!=(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    units_sold += rhs.units_sold; 
    revenue += rhs.revenue; 
    return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item 
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    Sales_item ret(lhs);  // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
    ret += rhs;           // add in the contents of (|rhs|) 
    return ret;           // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream& 
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
    double price;
    in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
    // check that the inputs succeeded
    if (in)
        s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
    else 
        s = Sales_item();  // input failed: reset object to default state
    return in;
}

std::ostream& 
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
    out << s.isbn() << " " << s.units_sold << " "
        << s.revenue << " " << s.avg_price();
    return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
    if (units_sold) 
        return revenue/units_sold; 
    else 
        return 0;
}
#endif

编写输入输出代码：

#include<iostream>

#include "Sales_item.h"

int main(){
    Sales_item book;
    std::cin >> book;
    std::cout << book << std::endl;
}

两个iSales_tem对象求和代码：

#include<iostream>

#include "Sales_item.h"

int main(){
    Sales_item book1,book2;
    std::cin >> book1 >> book2; 
    if(book1.isbn() == book2.isbn()){
    std::cout << book1+book2 << std::endl;
    return 0;
    }
    else{
        std::cerr << "ISBN must be same" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
}

多个iSales_tem对象求和代码：

#include<iostream>

#include "Sales_item.h"

int main(){
    Sales_item Total,Trans;
    if(std::cin >> Total){
    while (std::cin >> Trans)
    {
        Total += Trans;
    }
    std::cout << Total;
    return 0;
    }
    else{
        std::cerr << "No Data" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
}

六、书店程序

要求如下：读取销售记录并输出，假定相同ISBN的销售记录聚在一起保存：

#include<iostream>

#include "Sales_item.h"

int main(){
    Sales_item Total,Trans;
    if(std::cin >> Total){
    while (std::cin >> Trans)
    {
        if (Total.isbn() == Trans.isbn())
        {
            Total += Trans;
        }
        else
        {
            std::cout << Total << std::endl;
            Total = Trans;
        }
    }
    std::cout << Total << std::endl;
    return 0;
    }
    else{
        std::cerr << "No Data" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
}