Build建造者模式

建造者模式

Builder模式是一步一步创建一个复杂对象的创建型模式。它允许用户在不知道内部构建细节的情况下，可以更精细地控制对象的构造流程。该模式是为了将构建复杂对象的过程和它的部件解耦，使得构建过程和部件的表示隔离开来。

一个复杂的对象有很多组成部分，如汽车，有车轮，方向盘，发动机，还有各种小零件等，如何将这些部件装配成一辆汽车，这个过程很漫长复杂，对于这种情况，为了在构建过程中对外部隐藏实现细节，可以使用Builder模式将部件和组装过程分离，使得构建过程和部件都可以自由拓展，两者之间的耦合也降到最低。

定义

将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离，使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。

使用场景

1. 相同的方法，不同的执行顺序，产生不同的事件结果时。
2. 多个部件或者零件，都可以装配到一个对象中，但是产生的运行结果又不相同时。
3. 产品类十分复杂，或者产品类中的调用顺序不同产生了不同作用，这个时候使用建造者模式十分合适。
4. 当初始化一个对象特别复杂，比如参数众多，而且很多参数具有默认值时。

UML

简单实现

以M4卡宾枪为例子，默认有弹匣，枪托，枪管，机匣，扳机，撞针组成。战术版的M4卡宾枪还装配了瞄准镜，消音器，握把和激光瞄准器。

public class M4Carbine {
    protected String magazine;
    protected String buttstock;
    protected String barrel;
    protected String cartridgeReceiver;
    protected String trigger;
    protected String firingPin;

    public M4Carbine() {
    }

    public void setMagazine(String magazine) {
        this.magazine = magazine;
    }

    public void setButtstock(String buttstock) {
        this.buttstock = buttstock;
    }

    public void setBarrel(String barrel) {
        this.barrel = barrel;
    }

    public void setCartridgeReceiver(String cartridgeReceiver) {
        this.cartridgeReceiver = cartridgeReceiver;
    }

    public void setTrigger(String trigger) {
        this.trigger = trigger;
    }

    public void setFiringPin(String firingPin) {
        this.firingPin = firingPin;
    }
}

public class M4CarbineTacticalVersion extends M4Carbine {
    protected String sightingTelescope;
    protected String handle;
    protected String silencer;
    protected String laserSight;

    public void setSightingTelescope() {
        this.sightingTelescope = "全息瞄准镜";
    }

    public void setHandle() {
        this.handle = "垂直握把";
    }

    public void setSilencer() {
        this.silencer = "步枪消音器";
    }

    public void setLaserSight() {
        this.laserSight = "红外瞄准器";
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "组装了M4卡宾枪\n "+magazine+buttstock+barrel+cartridgeReceiver
                +trigger+firingPin+sightingTelescope+handle+silencer+laserSight;
    }
}

public class M4Builder implements Builder {
    private M4CarbineTacticalVersion m4 = new M4CarbineTacticalVersion();
    @Override
    public void buildMagazine(String magazine) {
        m4.setMagazine(magazine);
    }

    @Override
    public void buildButtstock(String buttstock) {
        m4.setButtstock(buttstock);
    }


    @Override
    public void buildBarrel(String barrel) {
        m4.setBarrel(barrel);
    }

    @Override
    public void buildCartridgeReceiver(String cartridgeReceiver) {
        m4.setCartridgeReceiver("AR15机匣");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildTrigger(String trigger) {
        m4.setTrigger(trigger);
    }

    @Override
    public void buildFiringPin(String firingPin) {
        m4.setFiringPin(firingPin);
    }

    @Override
    public void buildSightingTelescope() {
        m4.setSightingTelescope();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildHandle() {
        m4.setHandle();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildSilencer() {
        m4.setSilencer();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildLaserSight() {
        m4.setLaserSight();
    }


    public M4CarbineTacticalVersion create(){
        return m4;
    }

}

public class Director {
    Builder mBuilder = null;

    public Director(Builder mBuilder) {
        this.mBuilder = mBuilder;
    }

    public void construct(String magazine,String buttstock,String barrel
            ,String cartridgeReceiver,String trigger,String firingPin){
        mBuilder.buildMagazine(magazine);
        mBuilder.buildButtstock(buttstock);
        mBuilder.buildBarrel(barrel);
        mBuilder.buildCartridgeReceiver(cartridgeReceiver);
        mBuilder.buildTrigger(trigger);
        mBuilder.buildFiringPin(firingPin);
        mBuilder.buildSightingTelescope();
        mBuilder.buildHandle();
        mBuilder.buildSilencer();
        mBuilder.buildLaserSight();
    }

}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //构建器
        Builder builder = new M4Builder();
        Director director = new Director(builder);
        //组装过程
        director.construct("30发弹匣","AR15枪托","5.56口径枪管","AR15机匣"
                ,"AR15扳机","AR15撞针");
        System.out.println("M4组装完成"+builder.create().toString());

    }
}

运行结果：

M4组装完成组装了M4卡宾枪
 30发弹匣AR15枪托5.56口径枪管AR15机匣AR15扳机AR15撞针全息瞄准镜垂直握把步枪消音器红外瞄准器

Process finished with exit code 0

建造者模式的链式调用

以上代码的实现模式我只有在学习的时候见过，通常实践中都会使用Builder模式的变种，链式调用创建对象。比如大名鼎鼎的Square公司就特喜欢用。Picasso，Retrofit的实例创建都用到了链式调用。还是以m4卡宾枪这个例子举例，将以上代码改为链式。

M4实体类还是不变

public class M4Carbine {
    protected String magazine;
    protected String buttstock;
    protected String barrel;
    protected String cartridgeReceiver;
    protected String trigger;
    protected String firingPin;

    public M4Carbine() {
    }

    public void setMagazine(String magazine) {
        this.magazine = magazine;
    }

    public void setButtstock(String buttstock) {
        this.buttstock = buttstock;
    }

    public void setBarrel(String barrel) {
        this.barrel = barrel;
    }

    public void setCartridgeReceiver(String cartridgeReceiver) {
        this.cartridgeReceiver = cartridgeReceiver;
    }

    public void setTrigger(String trigger) {
        this.trigger = trigger;
    }

    public void setFiringPin(String firingPin) {
        this.firingPin = firingPin;
    }
}

M4CarbineTacticalVersion修改，将Buidler类变成其静态内部类。

public class M4CarbineTacticalVersion2 extends M4Carbine {
    private String sightingTelescope;
    private String handle;
    private String silencer;
    private String laserSight;

    private M4CarbineTacticalVersion2(Builder builder) {
        this.sightingTelescope = builder.sightingTelescope;
        this.handle = builder.handle;
        this.silencer = builder.silencer;
        this.laserSight = builder.laserSight;
        this.magazine = builder.magazine;
        this.barrel = builder.barrel;
        this.buttstock = builder.buttstock;
        this.cartridgeReceiver = builder.cartridgeReceiver;
        this.firingPin = builder.firingPin;
        this.trigger = builder.trigger;

    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {

        return "组装了M4卡宾枪\n " + magazine + buttstock + barrel + cartridgeReceiver
                + trigger + firingPin + sightingTelescope + handle + silencer + laserSight;

    }

    /**
     * 创建静态内部类Builder
     */
    public static class Builder {
        private String sightingTelescope;
        private String handle;
        private String silencer;
        private String laserSight;
        private String magazine;
        private String buttstock;
        private String barrel;
        private String cartridgeReceiver;
        private String trigger;
        private String firingPin;

        public Builder setMagazine(String magazine) {
            this.magazine = magazine;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setButtstock(String buttstock) {
            this.buttstock = buttstock;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setBarrel(String barrel) {
            this.barrel = barrel;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setCartridgeReceiver(String cartridgeReceiver) {
            this.cartridgeReceiver = cartridgeReceiver;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setTrigger(String trigger) {
            this.trigger = trigger;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setFiringPin(String firingPin) {
            this.firingPin = firingPin;
            return this;
        }

        //创建一个空参构造方法
        public Builder() {
        }

        /**
         * set方法返回Builder对象自身，这是链式调用的实现方式
         *
         * @param sightingTelescope
         * @return
         */
        public Builder setSightingTelescope(String sightingTelescope) {
            this.sightingTelescope = sightingTelescope;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setHandle(String handle) {
            this.handle = handle;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setSilencer(String silencer) {
            this.silencer = silencer;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder setLaserSight(String laserSight) {
            this.laserSight = laserSight;
            return this;
        }

        public M4CarbineTacticalVersion2 build() {
            return new M4CarbineTacticalVersion2(this);
        }

    }
}

客户端链式调用

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        
        M4CarbineTacticalVersion2 m4carbine = new M4CarbineTacticalVersion2.Builder()
                .setBarrel("5.56口径枪管").setFiringPin("AR15击针")
                .setTrigger("AR15扳机").setMagazine("30发弹匣")
                .setCartridgeReceiver("AR15机匣").setButtstock("AR15枪托")
                .setHandle("三角握把").setLaserSight("红外瞄准器")
                .setSightingTelescope("反射瞄准镜").setSilencer("消音器").build();
        System.out.println(m4carbine.toString());

    }
}

运行结果

组装了M4卡宾枪
 30发弹匣AR15枪托5.56口径枪管AR15机匣AR15扳机AR15击针反射瞄准镜三角握把消音器红外瞄准器

Process finished with exit code 0